Method and Device for Energy Conversion

ABSTRACT

Method for conversion of energy, by which a sun energy, or heat energy, or radiation energy is converted in an other form of energy, where the energy in its heat form or in the form of radiation is supplied to a vaporizer of a heat pipe, and this energy is converted in the energy of a working gas of the heat pipe through (as a consequence of) the absorption of this energy by the working liquid of the heat pipe; the energy in its heat form is extracted (conducted away) from the condenser of the heat pipe, and the energy of movement of the gas of the heat pipe is converted in others, not heat forms of energy, in particular into electric energy, where additionally to the capillary or gravitational forces, usually acting in the heat pipe transport zone to recover the heat pipe liquid, an additional energy, in its mechanical or electrical or any other not-heat form, is supplied to the working liquid of the heat pipe, among other possibilities, from outside in respect to the heat pipe, and this additional energy is converted in a mechanical energy of a mechanical movement of this heat pipe working liquid, and at the same time one directs the gas flow from the vaporizer to the condenser through one or several constrictions, where the cross-section area of this constriction or these constrictions in the plane, which one is perpendicular to the direction of the gas flow, is essentially mach less than an average cross-section area of the vaporizer or condenser, which way an effectiveness of energy conversion is increased.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of the US non-provisional utilitypatent application Ser. No. 14/461,362 filed Aug. 15, 2014.

Correspondingly, this application claims the priority benefits to USnon-provisional utility patent application Ser. No. 14/461,362 filedAug. 15, 2014 and to German patent application 10 2013 013 475.7 filedAug. 15, 2013.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING; A TABLE; OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTINGCOMPACT DISC APPENDIX

Not Applicable

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION (1) Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to methods and devices for energyconversion.

(2) Description of Related Art

The presented invention is a continuation of the US non-provisionalutility patent application Ser. No. 14/461,362 filed Aug. 15, 2014.

The methods of so-called “direct” and “not-direct” conversion of heatenergy into electric energy are known. By “direct” methods the heatenergy is converted into the electric energy directly and immediate. Tothe “direct” methods of energy conversion belong for examplethermophotovoltaical energy conversion or energy conversion throughthermoelectrical Seebeck-phenomenon. By “not-direct” methods the heatenergy is converted firstly in an other form of energy, in particular ina mechanic energy, and only finally—in the electric energy. So, there isan “energy conversion chain” in the “not-direct” methods. To the“not-direct” methods of energy conversion belongs a method, which one isexecuted in all traditional “fossil” heat power stations, as well as inthe nuclear power stations. Namely, the heat energy is firstly convertedin the mechanic energy, and after that the mechanic energy is convertedin the electric energy. To the “not-direct” methods belong also themethods, which are executed in the sun “tower”-type power stations, sungroove (“parabolic trough”-type) power stations, in the Stirling-method,and in our method according to U.S. Pat. No. 6,841,891. A detailedconsideration of the above-mentioned methods is presented below.

On actual state of technology the “not-direct” methods of energyconversion are more efficient, than the “direct” methods. Therefore, forexample, for the industrial producing of electricity the traditionalheat power stations with a mechanic-electrical Faraday-generator areused, instead of a pile of thermophotovoltaic plates, placed in aFurnace.

Furthermore in details. A generally known method of sun energyconversion, namely photovoltaic, is known wherein a sun radiation energyor a light energy can be converted in the electric energy through anabsorption of photons in a semiconductor. This method provides apossibility to generate electric energy in devices, which have nomechanically moving parts, no burning of fuels, and no consumption ofworking materials.

Photovoltaic is efficient and effective in respect to other methods inthe cases, where one need a local generation of relatively low electricenergy amounts under the condition of relatively low supply of energy inthe form of sun light (or light from other sources). For example to usein calculators, parking-automats, for some home appliances with very lowelectric power, etc. Nevertheless this method is not effective forgeneration of high power electricity (for example in power stations)already because of the fundamental physical principles, in the reasonthat only a very narrow frequency range of sun radiation is used, whichone leads to the releasing of electrons in a semiconductor.

Therefore the shortcomings of this a.m. method is a relatively lowefficiency and high costs, as well as the large dimensions of aconverter in respect to the produced electric power. Besides, there is aphysical limit of efficiency, which one cannot be exceeded in no case,because the executing this method devices are converting in the electricenergy only the energy of photons, which are absorbed in the material ofthe semiconductor. I.e. only a narrow part of range from all spectrum ofthe sun radiation can be used. There is also a physical limit for theintensity of coming sun radiation, which one can be usefully used,because the electric output power does not increases more if somedefinite level of radiation intensity is already attained. Besides,there are numerous inconveniences because of the necessity to protectpermanently the large valuable working surfaces from dirt and mechanicdamages, wherein the sun light have to fall down on these surfacesdirect and unimpeded.

For the utilization of industrial heat wastes the photovoltaic methodsare self-evidently not applicable.

A method for energy conversion, named thermophotovoltaic, is known, bywhich one an infrared radiation is converted in the electric energy by asemiconductor. Considerable attention and investments have been given tothis direction of investigations, but there is no industrial using ofthis method yet. The reason for interest is not only a prospect to use asun radiation spectrum more efficiently (i.e. not only a visible, butalso an infrared part of sun radiation spectrum). As a main prospect ofthis method could be a possibility to utilize the industrial heatwastes. This last application is not less, but probably even moreimportant one, than the using of sun energy, because presently at least30-40% of all produced energy has been lost in the form of industrialheat wastes. And besides these energy wastes are acting as heatpollutions.

Nevertheless the extremely high temperatures of the heat source (atleast 1000 degrees centigrade) are required for the thermophotovoltaicmethods. This temperature is attained by burning of fuels (in theexperimental heat generators a gas propane is normally used as a fuel).In output it is approximately 5% efficiency reached, in respect to theinput energy of infrared radiation. In respect to an all used energy,i.e. in respect to the all energy, which one was released by burning offuel, the efficiency is even less.

This method is presently still in the stage of experimentalinvestigations. Besides, there are still no results, which could providea guarantee that a possibility of industrial usage will be ever reached.

As better developed, in respect to the practical applicability, methodsone can mention the thermodynamic methods of conversion of sun energyand heat energy, in particular of the energy of industrial heat wastes,in the electric energy or in other useful forms of energy. Methods forenergy conversion are known, over many years, wherein a sun radiationenergy is converted in an electric energy by heat solar power stations.In these methods the sun radiation energy is converted in a heat energyof some working body, and this heat energy is converted by some heatmachine in a mechanic energy. The produced this way energy is convertedthen in an electric energy by some mechanic-electric converter.

The common disadvantages of these methods are big energy losses, as wellas a necessity to convert a sun radiation energy or heat energy first ina mechanic energy, which fact reduces an efficiency and presupposes anexistence of mechanically moving parts in the devices, by which devicesthese methods are executed.

Furthermore, the “tower”-type and “parabolic trough”-type solar powerstations (“Turmkraftwerke” and “Rinnenkraftwerke” have the followingdisadvantages, which determine the limits of their applicability: first,very high (caused already by the construction principle) intermediatelosses because of scattering.

Secondly, also caused by the construction principle, very largedimensions of the system and large total surface area, which one isoccupied by a such system. With other words, one can use these systemseffectively only in desert regions with the continuously high sunradiation from a cloudless sky, wherein the used plot of land must becheap to make reasonable an energy supply of a small settlement or of asmall industrial object by a big power station, which one occupies acorrespondent large land surface area.

And besides, the small local systems are impossible because ofconstruction principles.

On the present state of technology, as a most acceptable for a massconsumption method, among all thermodynamic methods, the Stirling-methodis known. The proposed and disclosed in this description technicalsolution can be set off mainly against the Stirling-method.

The already existing Stirling-method:

Makes it possible mainly the constructions of small, but as well also ofmiddle-large energy converters. (Besides, for comparison, the“tower”-type and “parabolic trough”-type solar power stations, can existonly as large systems; and on the other hand, the proposed in thisdescription our method provides the construction of all “spectrum” ofenergy converters: both low power systems, which can use already smalltemperature differentials, both the middle- and high power systems).

Stirling-method has the following advantages, which make it presentlythe most acceptable energy conversion method in a sun power energetics:

-   -   1) Stirling-method provides a possibility to use already small        temperature differences. (Some demonstration motors are known,        which works from the temperature difference between human hands        and environment air).    -   2) Stirling-method has a theoretically high efficiency of        conversion of heat energy in a mechanic energy.

In the practice however the additional losses occur by conversion in anelectric energy. Furthermore, the work processes happen relativelyslowly because of the necessary compression and expansion of the workinggas, which slowness causes the next losses.

The deciding shortcomings of this method have to be described below moredetailed, because these disadvantages are not directly highlightedobvious way in the technical literature about the Stirling-method.Therefore it remains unclear, why such efficient method does not replaceall other methods in practice.

Firstly, a significantly low output power is caused already by theconstruction of Stirling-converter, because in the base of the workingprocesses lay the slow processes of heat expansion and compression ofthe gas under the temperature, which one is much higher, then a boilingtemperature of the working gas.

Secondly, concerning the efficiency: there are normally 3 followingmisunderstandings in the descriptions, which, as a rule, are not takeninto account.

-   1) The efficiency (EF) is, as it is known, a ratio of useful work    A_(useful) to the expended work A_(expended):    EF=A_(useful)/A_(expended).-   Or also the efficiency is a ratio of useful power N_(useful) to the    expended power N_(expended): EF=N_(useful)/N_(expended).-   To put this another way,    EF=A_(useful)/A_(expended)=A_(useful)×t/A_(expended)×t=N_(useful)/N_(expended),    where t is time.    I.e. time t cancels out, and an efficiency of a sytem in this    calculation does not depend on a time period, during which this work    was executed. This way by this calculation a very high efficiency    can be obtained also for devices, which have a negligibly small    (i.e. practically useless) power.-   2) If it is written, that an efficiency of a Stirling-motor can    attain 50%, one normally means the following:-   Firstly the case in point is the efficiency of conversion of a heat    energy of some heater in a mechanic energy of Stirling-motor,    wherein the further losses during the conversion of this mechanic    energy in the electric energy are not taken into account.-   Secondly, the following hypothetic situation is assumed:    Stirling-motor get it's heat energy from a thermo-insulated heater,    which one have an infinite heat capacity, and then this    Stirling-motor passes the heat rests to a cooler, which one also has    the same properties as well. But in fact it is not so. If an energy    comes from the sun, simultaneously a backscattering (re-irradiation)    in the space takes place. If an energy comes from an outer heat    source, the coming heat energy will not “wait” in a contact zone    with a Stirling-motor cylinder all the time, as long as the    Stirling-motor working gas will absorb, during it's slow expansion,    all the coming heat energy. This a.m. heat energy will be dissipated    as well through re-irradiation, thermal conduction and convection.    This way the factual losses are high, and the factual efficiency is    low, if the process takes a lot of time, and consequently an output    power of the converter is also low. Therefore a real efficiency of a    Stirling motor is not very high in reality.-   3) In order for the diagram-picture, which one describes a work of a    sun-driven Stirling-motor, not to differ essentially from the ideal    diagram of the Carnot-cycle (Carnot-process), and, consequently, the    Stirling-motor to have a high efficiency, this Stirling-motor must    work slowly. Slow work means a low output power. This way the    requirement to have a high efficiency and the requirement to have a    high output power are physically incompatible for a Stirling-motor,    and they make contradictory demands on it's construction execution.

It is necessary also to make one note here concerning a parameter, whichone at all characterizes a working effectiveness of a sun energyconverter. Sun energy in a form of sun radiation is “free of charge”.There are no expenses for producing, processing and transport of thisenergy. The not-used part of this energy does not transform itself inharmful pollutants, which are coming in environment; in the opposite,the used part of this energy is taken off from the natural circulationof the energy in the environment. Therefore in fact an efficiency on itsown is not a main parameter, which one characterizes a sun energyconverter, and it is not an end in itself to achieve a high efficiency.

One much more important parameter is a ratio of output power of a sunenergy converter to it's dimensions (in particular a ratio N_(output)/S,where N_(output) is the output power of the converter, and S is theoccupied by converter surface area. This parameter is similar to theparameter of efficiency, but these two parameters are not identical. Asit was shown above, a converter with a high efficiency can have anegligibly low output power.

For these reasons, i.e. because of the in fact relative low output powerand low efficiency, the Stirling-method is not used widely in actualpractice.

Our previous method according to U.S. Pat. No. 6,841,891 makes itpossible to use for an effective energy conversion also also the heatsources, which provide small temperature differences. Besides, thismethod provides a possibility to increase the power and efficiency ofthe energy conversion through reducing of the necessary for conversiontime and reducing of the intermediate energy losses (s. description ofthe U.S. Pat. No. 6,841,891, Int. K1.⁷ F02G 1/00, publication year2005).

The presented there our earlier solutions made it possible to increasean efficiency of the method and to increase a ratio of output power ofthe converter, which one executes this method, to it's dimensions. Itwas attained because of maximal usage of a sun radiation energy (onfrequency spectrum and intensity), because of minimizing of the energyconversion intermediate loses, and because of removing of necessity toconvert a sun radiation energy in a mechanic energy of some mechanicdetails in an intervening phase. This way a possibility was attained, toexecute a producing of electric energy with a high output power and highefficiency in relation to the converter dimensions. It is attained suchway, that the proposed design principle of an energy converter is basedon the physical bases of the already known heat pipe systems. Thisconverter converts a gas flow energy of a heat pipe working bodydirectly in an other form of energy, finally in an electric energy.

High quickness of energy absorption and energy conversion by a workingbody, and consequently low intermediate energy losses, more high outputpower and efficiency by a same temperature difference are attained suchway, that instead of the slow processes of heat extension and heatcompression of a gas, the method is based on the physical phenomena,which take place by evaporation (vaporization) and condensation of aworking liquid on porous structures.

Besides, the devices, which execute the proposed method, must notcontain the mechanically moving details of construction. And besides,the concerning invention has a more wide spectrum of applications incomparison with the existing solar—and heat—into electricity converters.It takes place because this method can be embodied both in the low powerdevices, which can use already the small temperature differentials, andin the middle- and high power devices.

This way these solutions make it possible to increase an output power ofa converter also in the cases, when this converter converts heat energyby low temperature differences, and consequently it has low efficiency.It was also shown by the author, that an efficiency and an output powerare not the unambiguously correlated parameters. For example, aconverter with a high efficiency can, in the same time, have anegligibly low output power. And vice versa, a converter with a lowefficiency can, in the same time, have an essentially high output power(ISBN 3-8288-1255-4, Luchinskiy, A., Renewable energy sources: Complexof technical solutions, Tectum—Wissenschaftsverlag, Marburg, 2002(germ); Luchinskiy, A., Relationship among efficiency and output powerof heat energy converters, ArXiv: General Physics/0409017; September2004.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Aim of the presented in the patent claims invention is to solve aproblem of an optimal using of energy sources with low temperaturedifferences through an essential increasing of efficiency. To attain it,one can install a pump of liquid in a recovery loop of a heat pipeworking liquid, wherein this pump pumps back the working liquid fromcondenser to vaporizer by means of an energy, which one is supplied fromoutside (in respect to the heat pipe), and this way an increasing of asurface area of a thermodynamic contour (or cycle curve) is provided,which cycle curve describes the correspondent thermodynamic process.(Under the “thermodynamic contour” (or “thermodynamic cycle curve”) onemeans here a graphical presentation of a thermodynamic cyclic process.An example of a thermodynamic cyclic process is a Carnot-cycle(Carnot-process) in an ideal case.

This above-described pump for recovery of liquid (or it's separateelements) can be installed in particular in a transport zone of a heatpipe.

Below some general notes are firstly summarized, which are outlining ingeneral the execution principles of the invention. After that theexamples of embodiments of invention are presented with references todrawings.

The proposed method is realized in a system, which one comprises adevice, which one consists of at least two chambers. These chambers arehermetic, hollow, and they are communicating with each other. Internalsurfaces of these chambers are covered with a capillary structure.

One of the chambers is named as a vaporizer, and the other chamber isnamed as a condenser. Besides, a heat- or sun energy is supplied to thevaporizer. The capillary structure is filled out with a working liquid,which vaporization temperature (condensation temperature) is selecteddependently on the working conditions, i.e. on the temperatures, inwhich the vaporizer and the condenser are placed. In the vaporizer anabrupt increasing of volume and pressure of the working body takes placeas a result of a vaporization of this working body on a pore structure(capillary structure). In the condenser an opposite process takes place.This way in two nearby to each other located chambers continuously(uninterrupted) two opposite processes run. These processes areexplosion-(implosion)-kind on their characteristic features, andopposite on their sign: one of these processes is an abrupt increasingof volume and pressure of a working body (gas), and the second one is,oppositely, an abrupt decreasing of these characteristics.

This way an abrupt pressure differential between two chambers takesplace, which one cuses a gas flow through a neck between two chambers.

For the further increasing of this pressure differential under the sametemperature differences the capillary structures in different chambersare different (explanation s. above).

To increase an area of thermodynamic contour (s. above), two followingmeasures simultaneously are executed:

-   1) the gas from vaporizer (high pressure region) is guided in a    condenser (low pressure region) through a narrow neck (or many necks    or holes), wherein a neck diameter (or summed area of holes) is    essentially smaller, then dimensions of cross-sections (or    cross-section diameters) of the vaporizer chamber and of the    condenser chamber; and-   2) a pump for liquid (or separate parts of this pump) is installed    in a heat pipe working liquid recovery loop, wherein this pump pumps    the working liquid from the condenser back to the vaporizer by means    of an energy, which one is supplied to the heat pipe from outside    (in respect to the heat pipe).

Simultaneously the process is intensivated (i.e. the same amount ofenergy is converted during a more short time), with the aim to increasean output power by the same efficiency.

This way an abrupt pressure differential between two chambers takesplace (s. above), which abrupt pressure differential causes a gas flowthrough a neck between two chambers. The energy of this high-speed (inparticular also supersonic-speed) gas flow can be efficiently (i.e. withrelatively small losses) converted in other useful forms of energy, inparticular in an electric energy. In the presented description severaldifferent further-developments of this method for this conversion aredisclosed, wherein each further-development is presented dependently onthe field of application and aims of application of the converter.

In some embodiments examples (s. also some of the examples below) a gasflow between the vaporizer and condenser of a heat pipe on the one hand,and a liquid flow from the liquid recovery pump on the other hand, takesplace in the different working phases of the energy converter. I.e.firstly a gas flow flows from the vaporizer to the condenser, and duringthis time (phase) the pump for liquid recovery does not pump the workingliquid from the condenser back to the vaporizer. And after that the pumpfor liquid recovery pumps the working liquid from the condenser to thevaporizer, and during this time (phase) no gas flow from the condenserto the vaporizer takes place.

In the invention a principle “S_(boundary)/S_(perimeter)>>1” (s. above)is executed, i.e. an energy is supplied to—(or is removed from) the thewhole mass of the working body simultaneously, but not only to—(or from)the surface perimeter of the space volume, where the working body islocated. It gives a possibility 1) to increase essentially the power ofthe device, and 2) to reduce essentially the energy losses throughshortening of a time for an absorption- and for a further conversion ofthe supplied energy by a working body.

It is executed for example such way, that a sun energy is supplieddirectly in the capillary of a wick, or in the material of the wick.This way a very large surface area of the energy transferring boundarybetween the wick material and the working liquid is “packed” in a smallvolume, which one is occupied by the wick of a vaporizer. Besides, a sunenergy, which one was not absorbed by the working liquid immediately,does not go away from the system, but spreads itself by multiplereflections along a boundary between the wick material and workingliquid, and finally this energy is completely absorbed by the workingliquid. This circumstance reduces essentially the energy losses too.

Sun energy is supplied to a vaporizer through a radiation guide. Thisradiation guide can be essentially long, and therefore an energyconverter can be placed directly near to a cooling medium, and moreover,in the place of a minimal cooling medium temperature. For example, in anocean water, or in a deep water in a certain depth, or in subsoilwaters. In the last case the radiation guide can be placed in aborehole. It gives possibility to increase a temperature differencebetween the vaporizer and condenser, and consequently, finally, also anefficiency and output power of the device.

Sun energy is supplied in a radiation guide in particular by means ofsun concentrating devices, in particular by a Fresnel-lens or byFresnel-mirror, or by these two methods simultaneously.

The sun energy (or radiation energy) can be supplied through a longradiation guide (s. also below) also to any other heat machine, whichone (heat machine) is placed in a water, in particular in essentialdepth.

In the case if the method is used for utilization of heat wastes, athermal (heat) energy is supplied to the vaporizer.

Method can be used in a nanotechnology (in a microsystem technique) forthe energy supply or control of microscopic devices and systems, as wellfor creation of microsystem energy converters, which are comprising manymicroscopic modules, and which can be used for macroscopic generaltechnological purposes, i.e. for operation of usual macroscopicequipment, wherein the a.m. realization of microsystem energy convertersis executed by means of nanotechnologic methods (in particular forexample by a LIGA-Method).

Microsystems for the creation and formation of a fluid flow, as well thecomponents for any operations with liquids and gases in amicro-technique, as well methods of technological producing of thesemicrosystems, are known.

Therefore a new development of a technological base for the constructiverealization of the proposed in this invention method and devices is notnecessary.

As one often occurring case, one have to highlight separately a case ofutilization of industrial heat wastes, which heat wastes are containedin a flow of some definite gas or liquid.

In this case the heat pipe vaporizer is placed in this flow, and theheat pipe condenser is placed outside this flow in thermal contact witha cooling medium. Or the “heat pipe”-tipe energy converter is placedcompletely outside of this a.m. flow, and an energy of this flow issupplied to the heat pipe vaporizer by means of some heat exchanger.

Under the term “vaporizer of a heat pipe” one means here (besides theknown canonical definition) any kind of chamber (or many chambers) forvaporization or for evaporation or for any kind of a phase transitionfrom liquid to gas, wherein the vaporization-(evaporation-, phasetransition-) surface is essentially developed, and a surface area ofthis surface is much more larger, then a surface area of a perimetersurface of the a.m. chamber, i.e. then an area of a perimeter surface,which one contains a volume with the a.m. chamber (or chambers).

This way this definition covers also an embodiment example, which one isshown schematically in a FIG. 14, wherein the heat pipe working liquidis injected or supplied other way inside the vaporizer, and then thisworking liquid is vaporized (or is evaporated) on a large, essentiallydeveloped surface, wherein this a.m. surface is heated by means of anouter heat energy source, in particular by means of a sun radiationenergy, which one is supplied inside the vaporizer by means of aradiation guide.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

Some examples of embodiments of the invention are presentedschematically in the drawings and described below.

(Only that information is presented by the drawings, which one it wasdifficult to describe definitely clear with the words in the frames ofthis description.)

It is shown:

FIG. 1a : an illustration of a general scheme of the method realisationin one embodiment example.

FIG. 1b : an illustration of a general scheme of the method realisationas a diagram.

FIG. 2: a schema of the method realization in comparison with theStirling-method.

FIG. 3a : an embodiment example of a heat pipe.

FIG. 3b : an embodiment example of a generator of electric energy.

FIG. 3c : an embodiment example of an essembly of the heat pipe and ofthe generator of electric energy.

FIG. 4a : a schematic illustration of the principle“S_(boundary)/S_(perimeter)>>1” for the boundary between the wickmaterial and the working liquid of heat pipe.

FIG. 4b : a schematic illustration of the principle“S_(boundary)/S_(perimeter)>>1” for the boundary between the heat pipeworking liquid and the heat pipe working gas.

FIG. 5/1 an example of embodiment of the device

FIG. 5/2 an example of embodiment of the device for laboratoryinvestigation purposes.

FIG. 5/3-5/12 examples of embodiments of the elements of the device.

FIG. 6 converter of the gas flow (or air flow) energy into theelectrical energy by means of a piezoelectric conversion.

FIG. 6a thermo—into acoustic—into electric energy converter with thepiezoelectric conversion;

FIG. 6b variant of energy conversion of an energy of a heat pipe workinggas flow in an energy of acoustic swings, with the further conversion inthe electric energy by means of a piezoelectric converter.

FIG. 6c /A variant of energy conversion of an energy of a heat pipeworking gas flow in an energy of mechanic vibrations, in this case ofstrings vibrations, with the further conversion in the electric energyby means of a piezoelectric converter.

FIG. 6c /B possible variant of fastening of the strings.

FIG. 6c /C axonometric view of the pile-like devices arrangement.

FIG. 6c /D embodiment example with the strings in a form of an airplanewing.

FIG. 6c /E electrically connected modules, placed nearby in a samegeometric plane.

FIG. 6d flag on a flagstaff in an air flow.

FIG. 6e piezoelectric plate in an air flow.

FIG. 6f embodiment example, wherein many piezoelectric crystal plates ormany coated with the piezoelectric crystals carrying plates areinstalled in a transport zone of a heat pipe.

FIG. 6g embodiment example, wherein a mechanic energy of the gas flowturbulences is transmitted to a piezoelectric converter by anintermediate solid body, but not directly.

FIG. 6h /A-FIG. 6h /E embodiment example of a piezoelectric converterbased on the bend-shaped resilient plates, placed nearby one to anotherand fixed with one of their ends between two piezoelectric crystals:FIG. 6h /A—front view; FIG. 6h /B—back view; FIG. 6h /C—possible topview; FIG. 6h /D—other variante of a top view; FIG. 6h /E—axonometricview of a possible stack/pile—kind assembly of modules; FIG. 6h/F—possible front view with the elements, placed from both sides of apiezoelectric clamp; FIG. 6h /G—axonometric view of a possible assemblyof modules, placed in one plane.

FIG. 6i /A/F and FIG. 6i /A/A embodiment example, where an energy ofmechanic swings of strings is converted into electric energy by means ofa Faraday generator: FIG. 6i /A/F—front view; FIG. 6i /A/A—axonometricview.

FIG. 6i /B/F and FIG. 6i /B/A embodiment example, where a mechanicenergy of a swing-kind twist-motions is converted in an electric energyby means of a piezoelectric converter: FIG. 6i /B/F—front view; FIG. 6i/B/A—axonometric view.

FIG. 7 thermo—into acoustic—into electric energy converter with themagnetostrictic conversion.

FIG. 8 thermophotoelectric converter with the conversion by aphotoconductive piezosemiconductor;

FIG. 9a : a possible J-B-U vector diagram for a thermo—into electric(gas flow electric) drips-converter with the conversion on theMHD-principle of energy generation.

FIG. 9b : a possible J-U vector diagram for a thermo—into electric (gasflow electric) drips-converter with the conversion on the electrostaticprinciple of energy generation.

FIG. 10a : a schematic illustration of the method realization, whereinthe energy converter is placed under a water surface or under a groundsurface in a ground water.

FIG. 10b : a schematic illustration of the method realization, whereinthe energy converter is placed on the water surface without using ofradiation guides.

FIG. 10c : a schematic illustration of the method realization, whereinthe energy converter is placed in cosmic space apparatuses.

FIG. 11: some possible schemes of using of the given method forutilisation of industrial heat wastes, and one of possible variant ofthe constructive embodiment of this method.

FIG. 12: an example of embodiment of the device with a liquid recoverypump.

FIG. 13: an example of embodiment of the device with a liquid recoverypump (device embodiment for laboratory investigations).

FIG. 14: an example of embodiment of the method in the pulsed mode.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A generator of electrical energy 1 is built-in a heat pipe 2 such way,that an energy converter 3 of the heat pipe gas flow in other forms ofenergy (f.e. in particular, but not only, in an energy of mechanicswings/oscillations) is placed inside the heat pipe, approximately in anarea of a maximal flow velocity (FIG. 1a , FIG. 1b ).

An example of embodiment of such generator installation is presented inthe FIGS. 3 (a-b). Other embodiment examples of the generatorinstallations are presented in the FIGS. 6, 6 a-6 i/B, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14.

The heat pipe 2 comprises a vaporizer 4, a condenser 5, a working body(in a liquid phase 6 and in a gas phase 7), and a working liquidrecovery loop 8. As it is known, the working liquid recovery in loop 8takes place normally through capillary forces. But in a thermo-siphon,which one is a particular case of a heat pipe, the working liquidrecovery takes place through gravitational forces. Therefore in thepatent Claims under the term “heat pipe” is also a thermo-siphonunderstood, and, in particular, also the devices, which have inparticular several or many vaporizers, condensers and transport zones;besides these elements can have any kind of geometric form (not onlycylindrical form) and any kind of dimensions.

In the here proposed method and devices the recovery of working liquid(heat carrier) is executed by the pump 27 for liquid recovery.

Additionally to this pump 27 the recovery of liquid can be executed asusual by help of the capillary or (and) gravitational forces. Ifgravitational forces are used, the condenser must placed higher than thevaporizer. If centrifugal forces are used, the heat pipe must rotate,and the vaporizer and condenser must be placed on different distancesfrom the axis of rotation.

The pump for liquid recovery is necessary to increase an efficiency. Byusing of this pump the area of the thermodynamic cycle contour(thermodynamic cycle curve) is much larger, than by using a heat pipeenergy converter along, without this pump 27.

A working energy input for this liquid recovery pump 27 can be suppliedfrom an external in respect to the heat pipe 2 source of energy. Or theworking energy to supply this pump 27 can be taken from the energy ofthe heat pipe gas flow 7 (as it is shown for example in FIG. 14). Or theworking energy to supply this pump 27 can be taken from the outputenergy of the concerned heat pipe energy converter in whole, or fromgenerator 1, or from any elements inside the heat pipe energy converteron any stage of energy conversion in the energy conversion chain insidethe heat pipe 2.

As the pump 27 for working liquid recovery consumes mach less energy,than it is produced by a heat pipe energy converter, the energy balanceis positive.

A mode of action of this pump 27 can be a traditional one. Neverthelessit can be also purely electric, i.e. the pump energy is supplied inelectrical form to a capillary structure of a heat pipe, or a capillarystructure of a heat pipe is placed in an electric field, which way atransport of a working liquid from the condenser into the vaporizer ofthe heat pipe is executed by interaction of the electric field and theworking liquid in the capillary structure (through the so-called“electro-capillary phenomenon”).

A liquid 6 vaporizes in a vaporizer 4, then moves into a condenser 5,and condenses in this condenser. The said movement from the vaporizer tothe condenser takes place in the form of a high speed gas flow 7. On itsway the gas executes a work, which one is converted in other forms ofenergy by a converter 3, and in general by a generator 1. (Here ismeant, that the converter 3 is a part of the generator 1, wherein amechanic energy of the gas flow 7 is first converted in a mechanicenergy of some energy carrier (in particular in an energy of mechanicswings) by the converter 3, and after that, this converted by theconverter 3 energy is further converted inside the generator 1 in otherforms of energy, in particular in an electric energy. Therewith thegenerator 1 comprises both the converter 3 and also further energyconverters, in particular, for example, a piezoelectric converter forconversion of the energy of mechanic swings into the electric energy).

A supply 10 of a sun energy or heat energy is provided to the heat pipevaporizer directly or through an energy supply system 20, i.e. throughadditional means for concentration and transmission of sun- or heatenergy, for example mirrors, lenses (in particular Fresnel-mirrors orFresnel-lenses 24), sun collectors, sun radiation guides 25 (inparticular light guides), means for heat transport, etc. An abstractionof energy (by means of an energy abstraction system 21) from thecondenser is executed either directly through irradiation (which way canbe effective in a cosmic space), or through cooling means. The condensercan be either directly immersed in a coolant (for example water,external air, etc.), or the condenser can be connected with the coolantthrough heat exchangers.

To intensify a vaporization process a sun radiation can be supplied tothe located in the vaporizer capillary structure (to the wick) of a heatpipe also directly. This direct supply can be made through a transparentcoat of a heat pipe, or through a light guiding system, or through another optical system. And in general, when an energy from outside issupplied to a heat pipe vaporizer in a radiation form, the coat of thevaporizer, or the wick, or they both can be made of a transparent forthis radiation material. And in this case the radiation energy issupplied to the wick or to the working liquid directly, or also throughan optical- or a radiation-guiding system.

FIG. 5/1-5/12 present in details an embodiment example of a device withsome embodiments examples of the device separate elements. In thesefigures the embodiment examples both for working-devices (FIG. 5.1, FIG.5.3, FIG. 5.4, FIG. 5.5, and FIG. 12), and also for devices forlaboratory investigations (FIG. 5.2, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.12, and FIG. 13)are presented. The embodiments examples of the separate device elementsin the FIGS. 5.9-5.11 are concerning the vaporizer and its details.Therefore these embodiments examples can be used both in the embodimentsof the working-devices, and in the embodiments of the devices for thelaboratory investigations. The embodiments of the working devices aresuitable to be placed in a depth of water. Therefore these embodimentscomprise an additional heat exchanger 504 to increase an externalsurface area of the condenser (s. FIGS. 5/1, 5/3, 5/4, 5/5, 12).Alternatively, the embodiments of the working devices for the laboratoryinvestigations are cooled by means of a streaming liquid coolant (inparticular by means of a cooling water flow 508), which one runs insidethe internal tubes 510, which internal tubes 510 are placed either inthe ribs 503 of the condenser, or in/on walls (or in/on a coat 501) ofthe condenser, or both. In the embodiments of the working devices thecondenser can be placed in particular within the thickness of the water,and therewith a heat abstraction from the condenser takes place mainlyby convection. Or the condenser can be placed in a water flow (forexample in a river), and therewith the heat abstraction takes placethrough a heat exchange between the condensers coat 501 and heatexchanger 504 on the one hand, and the water flow on the other hand. Andadditionally also through the convection, which one also takes place inthis case.

It is shown (s. table below):

Embodiment Ref. for laboratory Working No. FIG. No. Reference:investigations embodiment 501 5/1, 5/2, 5/5, coat yes yes 5/7, 5/8, 5/9,5/11, 5/12 502 5/1, 5/2, 5/3, capillary structure of the condenser yesyes 5/4, 5/6, 5/8, 5/12. 503 5/1, 5/2, 5/3, ribs of the condenser (forincreasing of yes yes 5/4, 5/5, 5/6, the condensation surface area) 5/7,5/8, 5/12. 504 5/1, 5/3, 5/4, additional heat exchanger (for no yes 5/5.increasing of the external surface area of the condenser) 505 5/1surrounding coolant (water) no yes 506 5/1, 5/3, 5/4. capillarystructure of the heat no yes exchanger 504 (if exists) 507 5/2. spiralmetal tube yes no 508 5/2, 5/6. cooling water flow yes no 509 5/2,thermoinsulation yes no 510 5/2, 5/6. internal tubes in the ribs 503 yesno 511 5/1, 5/2, 5/8, walls of the vaporizer yes yes 5/9, 5/10, 5/11.512 5/1, 5/2. capillary structure of the transport zone yes yes 513 5/8.perimeter border yes yes 514 5/1, 5/2, 5/9, capillary structure of thevaporizer yes yes 5/10. 515 5/9, 5/10. reflecting mirror surface yes yes516 5/1, 5/2, 5/9. vaporizers cylinder yes yes 517 5/9. perforation yesyes 518 5/1, 5/2. flow of the working gas yes yes 519 5/1, 5/2. turbineblading or yes yes body of generator 520 5/1, 5/2. carrier of blading oryes yes carrier of generators body 521 5/1, 5/2, 5/12. shaft yes yes 5225/12. top-part of the coat 501 yes yes 523 5/12. wall-part of the coat501 yes yes 524 5/12. case connectors yes yes 25 5/1, 5/2, 5/11. light-or infrared radiation guide yes yes 27 12, 13. pump for recovery ofworking liquid yes yes

In one embodiment example a heat pipe 2 comprises a vaporizer 4,condenser 5, and transport-zone 35 with a capillary structure 512 ofthis transport zone (s. FIG. 5.1, 5.2, 12, 13). Wherein thetransport-zone surrounds the vaporizer, in particular from all sidesexcept the side, where the gas flow from the vaporizer goes in thedirection to the condenser. Therewith the vaporizer has no directcontact with a coat 501 of the heat pipe, and consequently with asurrounding coolant (water) through this coat. In this embodimentexample the transport-zone 35 is placed between the coat 501 andvaporizer 4. In particular this transport zone 35 is filled up with atransport zone capillary structure 512. Therefore the vaporizer 4 isinsulated from the surrounding coolant (water) 505.

A sun energy (or light energy, or infrared radiation energy, or anenergy in an other radiation- or electromagnetic form) is supplied toinside of the vaporizer 4 through a light- or infrared radiation guide25 (or 525) (FIGS. 5.1, 5.2, 5.11, 12, 13). The internal walls 511 ofthe vaporizer are partially covered by reflecting mirror-like surfaces515, or these walls are executed as mirror-surfaces 515 (FIG. 5.9,5.10). These mirror-like surfaces 515 are able to re-reflect many timesinside the vaporizer the supplied by the radiation guide 25 radiation.An other part of the internal walls 511 of the vaporizer are perforated,i.e. they comprise a perforation 517 (s. f.e. FIG. 5.9). And above thisperforation these walls 511 comprise a layer of the capillary structure514 of the vaporizer (FIG. 5/1, 5/2, 5/9, 5/10). To increase a total(summing up) surface area of the internal walls 511 and in particular ofthe surface area of the capillary structure 514 of the vaporizer, onecan use additional elements, as for example the vaporizer cylinders 516(s. f.e. FIG. 5/1, 5/2, 5/9). I.e. the vaporizer 4 comprises theadditional elements (such as in particular the vaporizer cylinders 516),which elements are increasing the surface area of the vaporizer internalwalls 511 (in particular the surface area of the capillary structure514, or the surface area of the mirror-like surface 515, or both).

The radiation is supplied to inside of the vaporizer 4 through theradiation guide 25. In the shown embodiment variant a supply directionline deviates a bit from the radius-line to provide a many timesre-reflection inside the vaporizer 4 (but not an immediate reflectionback into the radiation guide). In a general case of embodiment it isimportant, that no mirror-like reflecting surface is placedperpendicular to the supplied radiation on the way of this radiation.Because the supplied radiation will be immediately reflected back intothe radiation guide by this reflecting surface. (Necessary remark: toswitch-off the radiation guide from the radiation-suppliedchamber/volume, in particular from the vaporizer, it is enough to placea mirror perpendicular to the radiation guide, wherein this mirror canbe placed in any place along this radiation guide).

A total internal surface area of the vaporizer is much more larger, thanthe area of the radiation guide end-opening (through which end-openingthe radiation from the radiation guide 525 goes into the vaporizer).Therefore only a small amount of the applied radiation energy goes backinto the radiation-guide opening again after the repeated re-reflectingand absorption inside the vaporizer.

In the vaporizer 4 the radiation energy is either absorbed (i.e.converted in heat energy) by the layer of capillary structure 514 of thevaporizer, or partially re-reflected by the mirror-like surfaces 515,and after that it is supplied again to the capillary structure and isabsorbed there. The mirror-like surfaces 515 make it possible todistribute the radiation energy over all surface of the capillarystructure 515 approximately evenly (s. FIG. 5.11). Possible embodimentsexamples of an absorption of radiation energy by a capillary structureare described above and presented in particular in the FIG. 4a , FIG. 4b.

A working liquid of a heat pipe is vaporized by means of this energy,and creates a gas flow 518 (in other figures marked also as “7”) intothe condenser (s. below).

After the vaporization of the heat pipe working liquid from thecapillary structure 514 of the vaporizer, the next heat pipe workingliquid is drawn in this, now emptied, capillary structure 514 of thevaporizer from the transport zone 35 (in particular from the capillarystructure 512 of the transport zone) through the perforations 517 of thewalls 511. And it (heat pipe working liquid) vaporizes there again, andgenerates this way the above-described gas flow 518 (or 7) into thecondenser.

As it is written above, the condenser 5 in this embodiment example canbe executed in two embodiment variants—as a working embodiment (for adirect use for energy conversion), and as an embodiment for laboratoryinvestigations and optimizations of this method for different concretepractical situations of application.

In both embodiments the condenser 5 comprises a capillary structure 502of the condenser (FIG. 5/1, 5/2, 5/3, 5/4, 5/6, 5/8, 5/12, 12, 13), ribs503 of the condenser inside the internal space of the condenser (toincrease the condensation surface area) (FIG. 5/1, 5/2, 5/3, 5/4, 5/5,5/6, 5/7, 5/8, 5/12, 12, 13). These ribs are also covered by thecapillary structure 502 of the condenser, as well as the internal wallsof the condenser. There is also a perimeter border 513 (s. for exampleFIG. 5/8) between the condenser and transport zone, in particularbetween the condenser capillary structure 502 and the transport zonecapillary structure 512.

In working embodiment example a heat pipe 2 is located in a surroundingcoolant (for example water) 505. Therefore a heat energy extraction fromthe condenser external walls to the above-mentioned coolant takes placedirectly from these walls (coat 501) of the condenser (by convection, orother kinds of heat removal). Nevertheless the ribs 503 of the condenserare located inside the condenser, and therefore they do not have anydirect heat removal by the coolant (water) 505. To ensure this thermiccontact, the each rib 503 comprises an additional heat exchanger 504(FIG. 5.3, 5.4, 5.5). These heat exchangers 504 increase a total(summing up) external surface of the condenser, which surface is in adirect contact with the surrounding coolant (water) 505 (FIG. 5/1, 5/3,5/4, 5/5, 12). In the simplest case an each heat exchanger 504 can beexecuted as a good heat-conducting plate (for example copper plate oraluminum plate), wherein a part of this plate is placed inside a rib503, and an other part of this plate is placed in an external coolant(water) 505. This way a heat is abstracted from the ribs in the externalcoolant (water) 505. Nevertheless there is one more efficient embodimentexample of the heat exchanger 504, which one is presented in the FIG.5/3. In this embodiment example the plate of the heat exchanger 504 isempty from inside. This way the heat exchanger 504 is a flat narrowempty hermetic parallelepiped-box 504 a, wherein the internal walls ofthis box are covered with a heat exchanger capillary structure 506.Inside this box a working body of this heat exchanger is located, whichworking body is both in a liquid state (as a heat exchanger workingliquid 504 b) and in a gas state (as a heat exchanger working gas 504c). Therewith the heat exchanger 504 is a one more heat pipe with itsown closed loop. In the part of case 504 a, which part is located insidethe rib 503, the heat exchanger working liquid 504 b is vaporized fromthe heat exchanger capillary structure 506. And in the part of box 504a, which part is located in the external coolant (water) 505), the heatexchanger working liquid 504 b is condensed on the heat exchangercapillary structure 506. This way the heat from the rib 503 isabstracted into the external coolant (water) 505. Here the heatexchanger 504 works as a usual heat-pipe-like heat exchanger. Instead ofthis heat-pipe-like heat exchanger one can use also a thermo-siphon-likeheat exchanger, which one comprises no capillary structure 506. As wellas other embodiments of heat exchangers. FIG. 5/4 presents absolutelyanalogical heat exchanger 504, which one has an other geometric form.This form is more efficient for the cooling through external convection.Besides, this kind of form secures a more intensive recovery of theworking liquid of the heat exchanger 504 through the capillary structure506 back into that part of the heat exchanger 504, which part is placedinside the rib (i.e. into the vaporizer of the heat exchanger 504)because of (through) the gravitational forces.

In embodiment for the laboratory investigation there is no surroundingwater reservoir with a surrounding water, which one could remove heatfrom the condenser 5 and from the condenser ribs 503. Therefore thecondenser 5 comprises a spiral metal tube 507 (or a tube made of anykind of heat conductive material) 507 (s. for example FIG. 5/2), whichtube winds repeatedly round the coat 501 of the condenser 5, andtherewith covers this condensers coat from outside. Through this tube acooling water flow (a flow of liquid, a flow of coolant) 508 runs, andtherewith the condenser 5 is cooled by this flow (a heat from thecondenser walls are abstracted to outside). This spiral tube 507 iscovered from outside by a thermoinsulation 509, therewith the coolingworks efficiently and measurable, independently from an outer airtemperature and from the swings of this outer air temperature. Insteadof the heat-pipe-like heat exchanger 504 the internal tubes 510 areplaced inside the ribs 503. The cooling liquid 508 runs through thesetubes and cools this way the ribs 503 (FIG. 5/2, 5.6). These internaltubes 510 with the cooling liquid 508 create this way by itself an otherheat exchanger 525. As well as the spiral tube 507 with the coolingliquid 508 creates by itself a heat exchanger 526. In laboratoryconditions the condenser 5 can be cooled by these heat exchangers 525and 526 more suitably.

The heat exchangers 525 and 526 (as well also the heat exchanger 504 inthe case of working embodiment) can be also executed as connectedtogether modules (in particular with the independent for each modulesupply and removal of the coolant 508). A correspondent embodimentexample is shown in the FIG. 5/12. These above-mentioned modules areconnected together with case connectors 524.

The working liquid 6 of the heat pipe 2 goes from the capillarystructure 514 of the condenser 5 down into the transport zone 35 underthe influence of the gravitational force. (As it is written above, theinternal walls of the condensers, as well as the ribs 503 are coveredwith the above-mentioned capillary structure 514). After that theworking liquid 6 goes through the perforation 517 into the capillarystructure 514 of the vaporizer (as it was written above, the coveredwith the capillary structure walls of the vaporizer have a perforation517). The transport zone 35 can be empty (without a capillarystructure), or partially empty, and this way to be felt only by theworking liquid 6. The transport zone 35 can be also felt with acapillary structure 512 of the transport zone. In this case the workingliquid 6 goes from the condenser 5 into the transport zone 35 not onlyunder the influence of the gravitational force, but also under theinfluence of the capillary forces (FIG. 5.8, 12, 13). Neverthelessadditionally to these gravitational and capillary forces a liquidrecovery pump 27 can be installed at the boundary between the condenser5 and transport zone 35 (FIG. 12, 13). As it is described in detailsabove, this pump pumps the working liquid 6 from the condenser 5 backinto the vaporizer 4, and increases this way substantially theefficiency of the energy conversion process (s. detailed above).

Because of the substantial pressure difference between the vaporizer andcondenser (s. above), arises a gas flow 518 (or 7) of the working gasfrom the vaporizer to the condenser. Mechanic energy of this gas flow isconverted by the heat pipe gas flow energy converter 3 in other kinds ofenergy.

In the FIGS. 12, 13 a simplest and most usual embodiment example isshown, wherein the converter 3 is executed as a mechanical turbine. Theturbine blading or generator body 519 is fixed on a blaiding-carrier (orgenerator body carrier) 520. Working gas flow 518 (or 7) flows throughthe turbine blading 519 and rotates the turbine this way. This mechanicrotation energy is either used directly (for any purposes), or it istransmitted by means of a shaft 521 to a Faraday-Generator, and furtherconverted there in the electric energy (FIGS. 12, 13. TheFaraday-Generator is not shown in these figures). Instead of theseturbine-like converters also other converters can be used, whichconverters are based on others physical principles of energy conversion,in particular piezoelectric converters, etc. —s below.

A similar embodiment example, but with an other design of the vaporizerand of the pump for liquid recovery is presented in FIG. 14 (s. detailsbelow). This embodiment example demonstrates, that an energy conversionprocess inside a heat pipe (in general case—inside a heat machine) canbe executed in an impulse-mode. This impulse-mode makes it possible a)to increase the output power, and b) to separate in the time the flowingunder the pressure flows (namely the heat pipe working gas flow and theopposite direction flow of the heat pipe recovered working liquid). I.e.firstly the flow of the working gas flows from the vaporizer into thecondenser under the pressure between the vaporizer and condenser, andafter that the working liquid flows through the heat pipe transport zonefrom the condenser into the vaporizer of the heat pipe under thepressure of the liquid recovery pump (or also under the pressure ofcapillary and gravitational forces). And after that the above-mentionedgas flow flows again (the process is cyclic).

In one embodiment example a frequency (or period) of this cycle cancoincident or correlate with a resonance frequency of some mechanicsystem, which system is a working body (or construction element) of theconverter 3, which converter 3 converts an energy of a heat pipe gasflow in an energy of mechanic swings. After that, among otherpossibilities, this energy can be converted in an electric energy bymeans of other parts of generator 1.

An embodiment example for the laboratory investigations is not shown inFIG. 14. Nevertheless this laboratory-variant of this embodiment examplecan be executed fully analogous to the above-described embodiment byusing, for this laboratory-variant, of the correspondent condenserconstruction elements, described above in the FIGS. 5.2, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8,5.12. These devices, which are the embodiment examples for laboratoryinvestigations, are cooled in particular by a running cooling liquid (inparticular by a cooling water stream 508) in an internal tube 510, whichone (internal tube 510) is placed either in the condenser ribs 503, orin, or on the walls (or coat 501) of the condenser, or both. One moredetailed presentation of this embodiment example due to the FIG. 14 isgiven also below.

In one special embodiment example a sun radiation collecting system, inparticular for example Fresnel-lenses (or Fresnel-mirrors) 24, can beplaced on the ocean—(sea-, lake-, river-, etc.)—shore, wherein theconverter 26 itself can be placed in this ocean—(sea-, lake-, river-,etc.)—water, in particular also at a some depth, where the water is morecold. Wherein the sun radiation energy from the above-mentioned sunradiation collecting system can be supplied to the above-mentionedconverter 26 by the sun radiation guide 25, that is from the shore intothe water, in particular also in the water depth.

Or, in an other special embodiment example the sun radiation collectingsystem can be placed at (on) the water surface, and in the same time aconverter 26 is placed under the water, wherein the collected sunradiation energy can be supplied by the a.m. sun radiation guide 25 fromthe a.m. sun radiation collecting system to the vaporizer of the a.m.converter 26

Or, in an other special embodiment example (FIG. 10b ), a converter (ormany converters) can floating in a water such way, that the condenser isplaced in the water, under the water surface, and the vaporizer isplaced in the air above the water surface, and therefore the radiationguide 25 is unnecessary.

In some embodiment examples the condenser can be placed in a waterstream (for example in a river).

FIG. 6 shows in general a variant of conversion of an energy of aworking gas flow 7 in an energy of mechanic swings (in particularvibrations, oscillations, sound, ultrasound), with the furtherconversion in an electric energy by means of a mechanic-electric (inparticular piezoelectric) converter. In a general case the working gasflow 7, which one powers the generator 1 of electrical energy, can be agas flow inside of a heat machine (in particular inside of a heat pipe),but it can be also a wind (i.e. a natural air gas flow), or a gas flowfrom a wind-directing/wind-concentrating devices, or any kind of a gasflow from any kind of gas flow sources.

Under the mechanic swings it is understood here:

-   -   a) mechanic swings of some mechanic construction elements,        wherein a mechanic energy of these mechanic elements is        converted in an electric energy, and also:    -   b) mechanic swings, which takes place without the mechanically        moving construction elements (s. also the embodiments examples        in FIG. 6e , FIG. 6f , FIG. 6b , FIG. 7, FIG. 8), which swings        and following mechanic-electric energy conversion are caused in        particular by gas vortexes, turbulences (also micro-vortexes,        micro-turbulences), sound, ultrasound, as well as by any kind of        other gas swings. These swings can take place, in particular,        immediately at a boundary between a gas and a crystal of a        converter (in particular of a piezoelectric converter), and this        way these swings cause a generation of electric energy.

FIG. 6a shows in general a variant of conversion of an energy of aworking gas flow 7 of a heat pipe 2 in an energy of mechanic swings (inparticular vibrations, oscillations, sound, ultrasound), with thefurther conversion in an electric energy, in particular by means of apiezoelectric converter.

FIG. 6b shows a variant of energy conversion of an energy of a heat pipeworking gas flow 7 in an energy of acoustic swings (as a particular caseof the mechanic swings in general), with the further conversion in theelectric energy by means of a piezoelectric converter.

FIG. 6c /A shows a variant of energy conversion of an energy of a heatpipe working gas flow 7 in an energy of mechanic vibrations (in thiscase in an energy of mechanic vibrations of some strings 28) with thefurther conversion in the electric energy by means of a piezoelectricconverter. In the shown embodiment example some additional workpieces 29are fastened to the strings 28 to generate the crossways forces due tothe Bernoulli-principle, which way the vibrations of these strings arearising. This result is attained because the gas flow, which one streamsbetween two workpieces 29, generates an attractive force between theseworkpieces because of the Bernoulli-principle; and after the collisionthese workpieces are moving again in the opposite directions, and afterthat, cyclic, again to meet one another up to the next collision.

In some embodiment examples the cross-sections of working pieces 29 canbe not-symmetrical. In particular, these workpieces can be executed suchway, that their cross-sections have a form of an airplane wing. This waythe crossways forces are arising. This way two near each other locatedstrings are moving to meet each other up to the collision of workpieces29, and then in the opposite directions, periodically.

Instead of the workpieces 29 one can use the strings 28/A with thenot-symmetrical cross-sections. In particular, these cross-sectionsthese strings can be executed such way that these their cross-sectionshave a form of an airplane wing (FIG. 6c /D). Therefore the two nearfrom each other positioned strings will move (vibrate) in the oppositedirections to meet each other up to the collision, periodically.

Of course, an analogical way, the cross-sections of both the workpieces29 and the workpieces-carriering strings can be not-symmetrical.Important is, that the mechanic construction elements are located in agas flow, and this gas flow generates the mechanic swings (orvibrations, oscillations, cyclic mechanical movements and so on) ofthese mechanic construction elements, which way a mechanic energy ofthis gas flow is converted in a mechanic energy of these swings, andafter that the mechanic energy of these swings is converted in anelectric energy, in particular (among other possibilities) by means of apiezoelectric converter, which one uses piezoelectric crystals for thisaim.

The above-mentioned (a.m.) swings can be reciprocating, twist(torsions)-kind or both. (In the case of the reciprocating swings apressure and tension or their changes are cyclically generated, and inthe case of the twist (torsions)-kind swings the twist(torsions)-deformations are cyclically generated by alternating twistingin the opposite directions (clockwise and anticlockwise). The mechanicalforces, which are arising according to the Bernoulli-Principle, cangenerate/cause both the reciprocating and twist (torsion)—kind motionsof the placed in a gas flow workpieces 29 and strings 28 or 28A.

Both the reciprocating and twist (torsion)—kind swings can generate thepressure-swings in a piezoelectric crystal, which pressure-swingsgenerate/cause an electric energy. The a.m. swings can also generate theshear-kind stresses in a piezoelectric crystal (to make it work inshear) and to generate an electric energy this way.

The a.m. mechanic swings (in the both cases) can be converted in anelectric energy also through the Faraday-Principle (s. for example anembodiment example in the FIG. 6i /A, FIG. 6i /B).

Instead of the piezoelectric converter of energy one can use here also amagnetostrictic converter (s. for example an embodiment example in FIG.7 and further description below).

Instead of the piezoelectric converter of energy one can use here also aconverter with a photoconductive crystal (in particular apiezosemiconductor, in particular a CdS-piezosemiconductor)—s. forexample an embodiment example in FIG. 8 and further description below.

To provide an optimal (maximal) energy transfer from a gas flow to thea.m. swinging system, this energy transfer can be executed in aresonance mode. I.e. the a.m. parameters of a system (dimensions of thestrings, elastisity of strings, if necessary dimensions of theworkpieces, form of the strings and workpieces, etc.) on the one hand,and the parameters of the gas flow (velocity, direction, time-dependentchanges, etc.) on the other hand, must correspondently correlate witheach other.

FIG. 6c /B shows in details a possible variant of fastening of thestrings for the embodiment shown in the FIG. 6c /A and given in thedescription to the FIG. 6c /A. The strings 28 are fastened at thecarriering frames 49, which carrier frames 49 comprise also thepiezocrystals 13 as well as the all belonging to this fastening elements(FIG. 6c /B). (As it is said above, the all given in this descriptionexamples of embodiments of the generator 1 can be used not only inside aheat machine, but also for conversion of a wind energy or for conversionof energy of any other kind of a gas flow).

Axonometric view FIG. 6c /C shows a possibility to arrange the shown ina FIG. 6c /B devices pile-like, one besides each other, with the aim touse an energy of a gas flow 7 more completely. For this aim one placesthe carriering frames 49 (with the strings 28) perpendicular to the gasflow direction 50 (i.e. in a true working position), and after that oneplaces an each next carriering frame nearby and parallely to a previousone (FIG. 6c /C). This way the gas 7 flows through the placed in thecarriering frames 49 means successively.

The a.m. strings 28 can be fastened in the carriering frames 49 bothhorizontal and vertical. Other string positions at an angle to a frameare also possible.

The described device can be executed as a system, which one consists ofmany changeable modules, which modules are electrically connected. Thisassertion is valid also for all other devices in this description.

The presented above method and device can be used also for producing ofelectric energy from the wind. For this aim the described converters ofthe mechanic gas flow energy in the electric energy can be powered(driven) by a wind flow, but not by a heat pipe gas flow. This assertionis valid also for all other presented in this description converters ofa gas flow energy in an electric energy.

In the above mentioned FIG. 6c /B one separate module 52 is shown. Nextfurther modules can be placed nearby in the same geometric plane, andthese modules can be electrically connected (FIG. 6c /E). Or (or alsoadditionally) a converter (generator) can be put together from the3-dimensional pile-kind modules. I.e. a pile 53 of the carriering frames49 (s. FIG. 6c /C) can be executed as a separate module, which one alsohas a separate electric in&output-connection. In this case, by necessityto change a module 52, one changes not a flat carriering frame 49, but apile 53. Self-evidently, the module 52 can contain also many carrieringframes 49, which are placed in one same plane (and, in particular, alsopiles, collected from these flat frames collections).

One can convert an energy of a heat pipe gas flow also direct in anenergy of the waves of pressure, which waves propagate along somesurface, wherein the energy of these waves of pressure are furtherconverted in an electric energy piezoelectrically ormagnetostrictically. The mechanic principles for it are disclosed in theFIG. 6d and FIG. 6e . FIG. 6d shows a flag on a flagstaff 41, in an airflow (wind flow) 7. A wind flow flows along a flag always turbulent, andtherefore bends (coils) the flag material along the flag. FIG. 6e showsa piezoelectric plate under the same conditions. A piezoelectric plate13 is placed in a heat pipe gas flow (or in a gas flow, or in a windflow) 7 approximately parallely to the gas flow direction. Theturbulences 42 cause the waves of pressure, which pressure wavespropagate along the piezoelectric crystal plate 13; this way an electricenergy is generated, which one is supplied from the electricallyconductive surfaces 43 of the piezocrystal 13 to an external output 34.FIG. 6f shows an embodiment example, wherein many a.m. piezoelectriccrystal plates (or many coated with the piezoelectric crystals carryingplates) 13 are installed in a transport zone 35 of a heat pipe 2. Theelectrically conductive surface coating layers 43 of the piezocrystals13 are electrically connected with each other accordingly to the signsof charges. The resulted this way electric contour delivers to outsidean electric energy 34. The all other shown in the FIG. 6f constructionelements and systems work as it was already described above.

FIG. 6g shows an embodiment example, wherein a mechanic energy of thegas flow turbulences is transmitted to a piezoelectric converter by anintermediate solid body, but not directly. An end 38 of bend-shapedelastic plate 37 is fixed between two piezoelectric plates 13/A and13/B, and this plate 37 is placed in a heat pipe gas flow 7. Wherein theplate 37 can be placed in the flow 7 such way that the mounted end 38 ofthis plate is oriented to meet the flow (i.e. towards to the flowsource). Besides, the form of bend (form of winding) of the a.m. plateis approximately similar to a winding form of a fish body, which fishswims in a water flow in the opposite to this water flow direction. Thegas flow 7 forces the plate 37 to execute swings (or vibrations),wherein the free end 39 of this plate stays consecutive in the positions1-2-1-3-1-2- and so on, and the fixed end 38 of this plate generatespressure in the piezoelectric crystals 13A and 13B consecutive in thezones z1 to z4. In particular the pressure in the zones z1 and z4corresponds to the position 2 of the free end 39 of this plate, and thepressure in the zones z2 and z3 corresponds to the position 3 of thefree end 39 of this plate. Position 1 is neutral (no pressure). Anelectric energy, which one is generated in the piezoelectric crystalsbecause of change of pressure, is collected from the electricallyconductive surfaces of the piezocrystals, summed up, and conducted tothe external output 34, as it was already described in details above.

In the gas flow 7 one can place simultaneously many above describedelements nearby one to another (these elements are the bend-shapedresilient plates, which are fixed with one of their ends between twopiezoelectric crystals—s. above), wherein the electric energy from theabove-mentioned piezoelectric converters is summed up and conducted tooutside, as it is described in details above (FIG. 6h /A-FIG. 6h /E).

FIG. 6h /A-FIG. 6h /E show a front view (FIG. 6h /A), a back view (fromthe side of the gas flow, i.e. from the side, wherefrom the gas flows)(FIG. 6h /B), and a top view (FIG. 6h /C oder FIG. 6h /D). Differencebetween the variants of embodiments, which are shown in the FIG. 6h /Cand FIG. 6h /D is that in the first case one uses many, fixed one nearanother, narrow plates 37, and, in the opposite, in the second case oneuses one wide plate 37. One can vary an optimal quantity of the nearbyone to another placed plates and their optimal width dependently on theparameters of a system (dimensions, resonance-parameters, interactionbetween the nearby one to another located plates due to theBernoulli-principle, etc.). Axonometric view FIG. 6h /E shows apossibility to place the above-described and shown in the FIG. 6g andFIG. 6h /A to FIG. 6h /D devices one near another as a stack (pile), andthis way to use an energy of the gas flow 7 more completely. With thisaim one places a carrying frame 49 (which one carries the plates 37 andthe piezocrystals 13 with all correspondent elements) perpendicular tothe flow direction 50 (i.e. in a true working position), and after thatone places an each other next carrying frame nearby and parallely to theprevious one (FIG. 6h /E). This way the gas 7 flows successively throughthe each of carrying frames 49 with the fixed there means.

To fasten better way the piezocrystals 13 with the plates 37 at thecarrying frames 49, one can fasten these elements (i.e piezocrystals 13with the ends of plates 37) in the carrying tubes 51 or by means ofcarrying fixator 51, wherein after that, these carrying tubes orcarrying fixators 51 are fastened at the carrying frames 49. The a.m.elements 51 can be fastened at the carrying frames 49 both horizontallyand vertically. Fastening by other angles are also possible.

Instead of the bend plates 37 one can use also any other kinds ofelements 37/A, which elements can have any other geometric form, whereinthe a.m. elements are mechanically connected with the piezocrystals 13(FIG. 6h /F). These elements can be placed also from both sides of thepiezoelectric clamp 13. Important is, that by an interaction with a gasflow 7 (in particular with a heat pipe gas flow, with a wind-air flow,etc.), these a.m. elements generate a periodically arisen pressure onthe piesocrystals 13 or on their separate parts (zones). This isattained such way, that the a.m. elements 37/A generate, in particulardue to Bernoulli-principle, the mechanic swings, when the a.m. elements37/A interact with the gas flow 7, with the nearby placed other a.m.elements 37/A, and with the crystal clamps 13. These mechanic swingsgenerate a periodically changing in time pressure at the piezocrystals13. And this way an energy of gas flow is converted in an electricenergy.

The described device can be executed as system, which one consists ofmany changeable, electrically one with another connected modules.

Instead of a heat pipe gas flow 7 one can use also a wind, to produce anelectric energy from a wind energy. The presented above description forthe method and devices is valid also for this case, wherein instead ofthe flow of a heat pipe working gas, the described devices are poweredby the wind flow. It is valid both for the above-described piezoelectricprinciple of energy conversion, and also for the other described in thisdescription principles of energy conversion of the mechanic energy of agas flow in the electric energy.

In the above-mentioned FIG. 6h /A-FIG. 6h /D one separate module 52 isshown. The next further modules can be placed nearby, in the samegeometric plane, wherein they can be connected electrically one withanother (FIG. 6h /G). Or (or also additionally) one can collect aconverter from 3-dimensional stack-kind modules. I.e. a stack (pile) 53of carrying frames 49 (s. FIG. 6h /E) can be executed as a separatemodule, in particular also with a separate electric output. In thiscase, by a replacement-necessity, one replaces a whole stack 53 as amodule 52, but not a flat carrying frame 49. Of course, a module 52 cancontain also many carrying frames 49, which are placed in one samegeometric plane. (As well as a module 52 also can contain a stack, whichone is assembled together from many placed in one geometric planecarrying frames 49). As it is explained above, it is valid both for theembodiments examples, where the electric energy generator 1 is driven bya natural wind (or by any kind of other source of an air-flow orgas-flow), and for the embodiments examples, where the electric energygenerator 1 is driven by a gas flow of a working gas of a heat machine(in particular of a heat pipe). In the first case the propulsive gasflow 7 is a wind or a gas flow from a wind-guiding or wind-concentratingsystem, and in the second case the propulsive gas flow 7 is a gas flow,which one is caused by a heat machine (in particular by a heat pipe).I.e. the above described modules can be placed both in a wind flow, andin a heat pipe gas flow, as well as in any other kinds of gas flows.

As it also follows from the description above, in all presented in thisdescription cases one can use the all presented solutions for theelectric energy generator 1 not only for this generator 1 as a part of aheat machine, but also for this generator separately, for conversion ofa wind energy in an electric energy, or for conversion of energy of agas flow from any kind of gas flow sources in an electric energy.

The method can be executed both in an uninterrupted mode and in a pulsedmode. An embodiment example in a pulsed mode is schematically presentedin the FIG. 14.

FIG. 14 shows a variant of an energy conversion of a gas flow of aworking gas 7 into an energy of mechanic vibrations of a crystal of apiezoelectric converter 13 (directly or by means of a connected withthis crystal solid body), with the following conversion of the energy ofthese mechanic vibrations in an electric energy by means of thispiezoelectric converter. In this case a) these vibrations are generatedby the arisen turbulences in a heat pipe gas flow, wherein theseturbulences can, in particular, move along the piezoelectric crystal,and this way generate the deformation waves in this crystal; or b) theimpulse-kind pressure blows of the heat pipe working gas can force upona piezoelectric (or magnetostrictic) crystal; or c) both the a.m.turbulences and the a.m. blows are influencing upon the a.m. crystaltogether.

A detailed description of a method and device, which are presented inthe FIG. 14, is given also below.

The strings or rods can be also used for an energy conversion due toFaraday-principle.

In one other embodiment example one can convert an energy of mechanicswings of the strings 28 into electric energy by means of a Faradaygenerator. In some variants of this case the strings 28 are electricallyconductive (for example they are executed from a metal), and thesestrings are placed in a magnetic field. This way these vibrated stringsare crossing the magnet field lines, and this way an electromotoricforce is generated in these strings. These strings can also contain, inparticular, many one from another insulated cable conductors, toincrease an electromotoric force.

In one other variant of this example (FIG. 6i /A) a mechanic energy of agas flow is converted into a mechanic energy of swing-kind twist-motionsof the strings, as it is shown schematically in the FIG. 6i /A. In thiscase the strings must not be electrically conductive (but can be). Acoil (solenoid) with a winding 45 is fastened rigidly to the string 28such way, that an axis 46 of the coil 44 is approximately perpendicularto this string 28. The string 28 with the coil 44 are placed in a magnetfield 47. The coil 44 and magnet field 47 create this way aFaraday-generator 48, which one converts the energy of twist-swings ofthe strings 28 into an energy of electric oscillations in an output 34.This energy can be further transformed by means of electric orelectronic devices in the actually required (suitable) forms of electricenergy. The twist-swings of the strings 28 are generated by interactionof the gas flow 7 with the bend plate 37, as it was described in detailsabove.

In one other variant of this embodiment example (FIG. 6i /B) a mechanicenergy of a swing-kind twist-motions of the strings is converted in anelectric energy by means of a piezoelectric converter. A hammer(presser) 54 is fastened to a string 28 by means of a mounting 55. Bytwist-swings of this string a vibration-kind pressure of the hammer(presser) 54 on a piezocrystal 13 arises, and therefore an electricenergy is generated and conducted to an output 34. (The method is shownhere schematically; in reality the electric outputs are correspondentlyconnected one with another). In all other aspects this embodimentexample is similar to the previous embodiment example.

A case of a magnetostrictic converter in respect to a succession ofenergy conversions (energy of gas flow→energy of mechanic swings→apiezoelectrically or magnetostrictically generated electric energy) isabsolutely analogic to the described above in details piezoelectricconverters. Therefore from all possible variants, where an acousticgenerator acts as a source of mechanic swings, only one variant ofmagnetostrictic generator is shown in the figures. One shows here aschematic presentation of a magnetostrictic generator as a difference inrespect to a piezoelectric crystal plate. Other pictures have to be thesame as in the shown “piezoelectric case”, but with the shown in theFIG. 7 magnetostrictic generator, and therefore they are not shown asthe completely analogous.

FIG. 7 shows a variant of energy conversion of the working gas 7 in theenergy of acoustic swings with the following conversion in an electricenergy by means of a magnetostrictic converter.

The energy of the gas flow 7 of the heat pipe is converted in the energyof acoustic swings by means of a Hartman-generator 12, or by means ofone of it's modifications. In the zone of the generated this wayacoustic swings one places an acoustic-electric converter, for example apiezoelectric converter 13 or magnetostrictic converter 14.

The electric energy of the above-mentioned converter is brought to theouter use of the consumers. For generation of acoustic swings, inparticular ultrasonic- and sound-swings, one can use instead of aHartman-generator any other kind of generator of acoustic swings, forexample a whistle, a siren, a membrane- or string-generator, or agenerator, which one uses swings of a solid body in a gas flow, or anydevice, which one creates the flow turbulences and then, in particular,converts an energy of these turbulences in the energy of vibrations of asolid body, etc. One can also use mechanical vibrations, whichvibrations have more low frequencies, then the acoustic frequencies (s.also description for the “piezoelectric case” above).

FIG. 8 shows a variant of energy conversion of a flow of a working gas 7in an energy of acoustic swings, with the following conversion in anelectric energy by means of a piezosemiconductor-converter 15, which onehave photoconductive properties, for example, Cd S. The converter 15 isplaced in an internal space of a the heat pipe in the zone of acousticswings of the generator 12, analogously to the given above descriptionfor the converter 13. Nevertheless the surface of the converter 15 isplaced under a transparent window 17 in a heat pipe coat. The sun light19 falls on the surface of the crystal 16 either directly through thiswindow or through an optic system. Under the influence of acousticswings of the generator 12, an acoustic-EMF arises in thepiezosemiconductor 16, which acoustic-EMF in photoconductive crystalsessentially depends on the light exposure.

Two independent sun radiation flows can be directed to the heat pipevaporizer 4 and to the converter 15. Nevertheless one can also selectusual way the spectral components from this sun radiation flow, whichspectral components correspond to the absorption-frequencies of thephotoconductive crystals 16 of the converter 15. Finally one directsthat part of sun radiation flow, which one can be absorbed by thecrystal 16, to the surface of this crystal, and the rest part to thevaporizer.

In all above-mentioned variants of device design, an energy of acousticswings can be supplied to the acoustic-electric converter eitherdirectly (immediate) in the gas flow channel, or by means of asound-guide 18. In the second case one places an acoustic-electricconverter (or photoacoustic-electric converter) outside the heat pipe.

The above-mentioned variants of the method realization are normallyexpedient for creation of devices with a relatively low output voltageand output power, which devices make it possible to use natural lowtemperature differences.

Of course, also an using of thermo-mechanic-electric converters is alsopossible in the frames of this method. An energy of mechanic motion ofthe heat pipe working gas can be converted in an energy of mechanicrotation or mechanic swings of some working body, which energy isfinally converted in an electric energy by means of a mechanic-electricconverter. Wherein this a.m. working body (for example a turbine) of amechanic-electric converter is placed in the gas flow of the heat pipe.Nevertheless this variant of the method realization has such adisadvantage in comparison with other variants, that the devices forrealization of this variant of method have to contain the mechanicallymoving parts.

Below the variants of the method realization are described, which arenormally expedient to attain the middle- and high output powers. It canbe made possible by conversion of a gas flow energy into an electricenergy due to MHD-generation principle or due to electrostaticgeneration principle.

Normally in the MHD-generators an electrically conductive gas (plasma)or an electrically conductive liquid flows in a magnet field and crossesit's magnetic lines of force. It leads to the diversion of the chargeswith different signs in different directions, and this way to theseparation of the contained in the liquid (or in the gas) electriccharges. It leads to generation of electric energy. An efficiency ofmagnetohydrodynamic generation is limited by the circumstance, that itis difficult to provide a high electric conductivity of working gas inthe gas-MHD-generators. Working liquids in the liquid-MHD-generatorshave a high electric conductivity, but it is difficult to attain theirhigh speed of flow.

In the proposed method the working body is a mixture of a gas andliquid, and the electric charges are deviated in a magnet field togetherwith the drops of a sprayed liquid, which drops contain these charges.Wherein a liquid is introduced in the gas flow, this liquid is sprayed,the liquid drops are electrically charged, and then these charged dropsfly together with the a.m. gas flow inside a magnet field (or inside thecrossed electric and magnet fields), as charges usually move in an usualMHD-generator. The further work and removal of voltage is executed anusual for the MHD-generators way, i.e. either by means of electrodes(the conduction-type MHD-generators), or by means of removal of theinduced electric currents (the induction-type MHD-generators).

As an example FIG. 9 a) shows a possible vector diagram for an a.m.droplet-type converter with the conversion on the MHD-generationprinciple. Here J—flux of the gas flow, B-magnetic flux density,U—electric voltage.

The supply of the liquid in the gas flow and the spraying of this liquidin this flow is executed by a sprayer.

Below a description of one of possible known constructions of such asprayer is given, which one makes it possible to spray a liquid in a gasflow exclusively by means of an energy of this gas flow. Thisconstruction (device) contains at least one thin tube, one end of whichone is placed in a gas flow, and the other end is placed in a liquid,which liquid have also a free surface. Besides, this free liquid surfaceborders on a gas, which one either is at rest or it moves relatively tothe free liquid surface with a speed, which one is less than a speed ofthe gas flow relatively the located in this flow tube end of thesprayer. The arisen this way, because of the Bernoulli-principle,pressure difference is forcing the liquid in the tube to raise up and togo in the gas flow.

The recovery of this liquid in the heat pipe takes place by using of atransport zone, which one contains the narrow and wide sections. Thetube of the sprayer is positioned in a narrow section, and a body forinterception and collection in the liquid of the charged droplets ispositioned in a wide section. The free surface of the liquid collectsthe liquid from the discret drop-form in the continuous liquid form inthe wide section, wherein the free surface of the liquid is contactedwith the gas in a wide part of the gas flow.

Theoretically in all mentioned variants one can use a powder instead ofdrops of liquid to execute a method. Nevertheless it is less suitablebecause of the problems to organize a recovery loop.

FIG. 9 b) shows a possible vector diagram for a droplet-type converterwith the conversion on the electrostatic generation principle. HereJ—flux of the gas flow, U—electric voltage.

Execution of the method on the electrostatic generation principle iscarried out through an using of liquid particles (sprayed liquid) as oneof the working bodies. Wherein the charges can be separated between theworking bodies as it takes place in an usual electrostatic generator,i.e. through friction or collisions of working bodies. Or the chargescan be loaded on the working bodies through electrostatic induction. Andafter that the charged this way working bodies are moved off in a spacefrom the oppositely charged bodies. A generated in an usualelectrostatic generator (for example in a Van-de-Graaff-Generator)electric voltage reaches several mln. Volt. Nevertheless an output powerof the such known devices is low, because a speed of transfer of chargesis limited both by speed of motion of mechanical details of theelectrostatic generator, and by surface area of the such solid workingbody of the electrostatic generator as a transporter of the charges. Byrealization of the method on the presented claims, the liquid particlesare supplied in a gas flow for example by means of a sprayer. The a.m.liquid working body is electrically charged through friction orcollisions with an other liquid or solid working body. In a first case(friction) this other working body is placed at a nozzle output of asprayer. In a second case (collisions) this other working body, forexample in a form of a grid or of a series of sticks, is placed in a gasflow across the way of flow of liquid particles. The separation of thecharges of the working body and the moving in a space of the chargedliquid particles from an other working body can be executed by means ofa gas flow energy. Besides, a) the summed (total) surface area of thesurfaces of the liquid particles is essentially bigger, then the surfacearea of the solid transporters of charges (for example bands in usualelectrostatic generators); b) the device does not have mechanicallymoving details of construction, which mechanically moving details couldlimit the velocity of charges transfer. Therefore the both causes of theoutput power limitation in the existing electrostatic generators areremoved in the proposed method and device. Exists also a variant of themethod realization, by which one a gas flow energy is converted in anelectric energy through a combination of the MHD-generation principleand the electrostatic-generation principle. Wherein all steps of themethod execution are carried out analogously to the already presenteddescription for a droplet-type converter with the conversion on theelectrostatic principle of generation. Motion of the charged liquidparticles takes place, nevertheless, in a magnet field, wherein an anglebetween the magnetic lines of force of this magnet field B (magneticflux density) and the vector J (the flux of the gas flow) is not equalto 0. It is evident, that in the frames of the presented claims theenergy conversion both on the MHD-generation principle and on theelectrostatic generation principle is described with one generalizingmathematical model with borderline cases, shown for example in FIGS. 9a) and 9 b). It means that in the case of a “pure” electrostaticgenerators one could mean, that the vectors B and J are collinear, i.e.the direction of the vector of the magnetic flux density and the vectorof the gas flow direction are parallel.

FIGS. 10 (a-c) shows a schematic presentation of the method execution,wherein the energy converter 26 is submerged in a water, or in aground-water under a ground surface (FIG. 10a ); at (on) a watersurface, without using of a radiation guide (FIG. 10b ); and in outerspace apparatuses (FIG. 10.c).

In the case (a) the increasing of output power through the increasing oftemperature difference between the heat pipe vaporizer and heat pipecondenser is attained such way, that the converter 26, i.e. the heatpipe condenser and the heat pipe vaporizer are placed in a place, wherethe heat pipe condenser is easy to cool (for example in an ocean deepwater or in a ground water under-ground in a drill-hole), and a sunenergy 10, or a radiation energy from other source, is supplied to thevaporizer through a radiation guide 25, which one is long in this case.Of course, this principle can be used for the energy supply not only toa “heat pipe”-type energy converter, but also to supply energy to anykind of energy converters, which convert a sun- or any other kinds ofradiation energy.

FIG. 11 shows one of possible variants of using of the method forutilization of industrial heat wastes, which heat wastes are containedin a flow 22 of some possible gas or liquid. In this case the vaporizer4 of a heat pipe is placed in this flow 22, and the heat pipe condenser5 is placed outside of this flow 22, in thermical contact with somecooling medium 23. Or a “heat pipe”-type energy converter is placedcompletely outside the a.m. flow 22, and a heat energy of this flow issupplied to the heat pipe vaporizer by means of some heat exchanger.

FIG. 12 shows an embodiment example of a device with a working liquidrecovery pump 27. The pump 27 is installed such way, that the a.m. pumpforces are added up to the a.m. capillary forces and a.m. gravitationalforces.

FIG. 13 shows an embodiment example of a device with a working liquidrecovery pump, wherein this is an embodiment example for laboratoryinvestigations.

The method and device can work also in the pulsed mode (FIG. 14).

In this embodiment example the vaporizer 4 can contain (instead of—oradditionally to the capillary structure) an insert 30 in a vaporizationchamber 31, which insert has an essentially big surface area, and whichinsert also absorbs a sun radiation good (for example it is a metalinsert with a black surface); wherein this insert is heated by the sunradiation, which one is supplied inside to the vaporizer 4 through aradiation guide 25, as it is described above. The heat pipe workingliquid 6 is injected in the vaporizer 4 through an injector 32. Afterthat this liquid 6 drips on the heated surface of the insert 30 andevaporates there quickly and simultaneously on a large surface, whichway an overpressure arises explosively in the vaporizer 4. The arisenthis way heat pipe working gas 7 strikes (presses) on the crystal of thepiezoelectrical (or magnetostrictical) converter 13, and generates thisway an electric energy 34. After that the heat pipe working gas 7presses, for example by means of a membrane 33, on a heat pipe workingliquid 7, which one is located in a heat pipe transport-zone 35. Becauseof this pressure the heat pipe working liquid 6 is injected in thevaporizer 4 through an injector 32 or through a valve 32. Simultaneouslythis pressure can be increased by use of an additional valve 36, locatedbetween the transport zone 35 and condenser 5. Because of this valve 36the heat pipe working liquid 6 does not go back in the condenser 5during the overpressure-phase. Nevertheless if one uses a capillarystructure 502 in the condenser 5 and no capillary structure 512 in thetransport-zone 35, this additional valve 36 is unnecessary in themajority of cases. The reason for it is that in fact some time isnecessary to pump a liquid under the pressure through a capillarystructure. Therefore no considerable liquid transfer from the transportzone back in the condenser during a short pressure blow takes place. Butthe time of this pressure blow is enough to execute a liquid injection 6through an injector 32 from the transport zone 35 in the vaporizer 4. Inthis case the a.m. “pump energy” of the a.m. pump 27 is supplied by aheat pipe working gas 7.

Below the most common of the above mentioned examples of embodiments areshortly summarized.

In one embodiment a sun energy, or a heat energy, or a radiation energyis converted in an other form of energy, where the conversion of energyin the others, not heat (not thermal) kinds of energies, takes placeinside a heat pipe, whereupon this energy in its not-heat (not-thermal)form is extracted (conducted) out from the internal part of the heatpipe, and the energy in its heat(thermal) form is extracted (conducted)away from that part of working body (fluid) of the heat pipe, whichworking body (fluid) is currently in the condenser of the heat pipe,where the extracting (outflow) of this heat energy is executed by aheat-extracting liquid, which one is placed outside of the condenser ofthe heat pipe, wherein, additionally, an energy in its mechanical orelectrical, or any other form is supplied to the working liquid of theheat pipe, and this energy is converted into the mechanical energy ofthe mechanical movement of this working liquid, wherewith (which way)this working liquid is pumped by this energy from the condenser to thevaporizer.

In one embodiment a sun radiation or a radiation from an other source issupplied directly to the capillary structure (to wick) of a heat pipe orto a working liquid of a heat pipe through a transparent for thisradiation material, and after that it is supplied, among otherpossibilities, directly in the channels of the wick, which channels arebordered by the walls of these channels, wherein this above mentionedradiation spread itself, among other ways, through the multiplereflecting from the walls of channels, and therewith it (radiationenergy) is absorbed by working liquid, and thereby the working liquidevaporates either by boiling or without boiling.

In one embodiment the radiation is led directly in the material of thewick, and the radiation spread itself in it through the numerousmultiple reflections along the boundaries between the material of awick—and working liquid of a heat pipe, wherein a part of energy isabsorbed by a working liquid during the every reflection.

In one embodiment the surface area of the boundary between the workingliquid and working gas of a heat pipe is a bigger area, among othersalso much more bigger area, than the surface area of a geometric figure,which one contains the space with a device, where the evaporationprocess takes place.

In one embodiment the sun energy or a radiation energy is led to avaporizer or to a wick of a heat pipe or to a working liquid of a heatpipe through a radiation guide.

In one embodiment a heat pipe is placed directly near a cooling media,among others in a water, among others in a sea water, ocean water or ina lake water, also in a certain deepness, or in a ground water in acertain depth from the ground surface, where the radiation guide isplaced, in among other places, in a “borehole”.

In one embodiment a process for utilization of heat wastes, which arecontained in a gas flow or in a liquid flow takes place, where the heatenergy of this flow is passed to (is transferred to) a working body,wherein the heat energy of this liquid flow or of this gas flow is ledto a vaporizer of a heat pipe and it (this a.m. heat energy) isconverted in the kinetic energy of the gas movement of a heat pipe, andthe kinetic energy of the gas movement of a heat pipe is converted in another, not-heat form of energy, among others also in an electric energy;and this, this way obtained energy is led out of the heat pipe, whereinthe working liquid of the heat pipe is pumped back by a pump from thecondenser into the vaporizer of a heat pipe.

In one embodiment a device for conversion of energy, in particular forexecution of the process according to one of the claims 1 to 17, takesplace, which device contains a zone for interaction with a sun- or otherkind of radiation, or a zone for the supplying of heat energy, whereinthis device contains a heat pipe, which heat pipe contains a converterof the energy of the working gas of the heat pipe in an other, not heatkind of energy, wherein, among others, a wall of the condenser of heatpipe, or the part of wick, which one is located in the condenser, or aheat pipe's working liquid, which one is located in the condenser, arein thermal (heat) contact with a liquid, which one is located outsidethe internal space of the condenser, and which one (liquid) is separatedfrom the working liquid of the heat pipe by a partition wall, whichpartition wall is impermeable for a substances transfer, wherein theheat pipe comprises a pump, or any other means for the pumping of aliquid or for the creation of an overpressure in a liquid (hereafterthis a.m. pump or a.m. means are called as the “pump”), which pump canpump out a working liquid of a heat pipe from the condenser back to thevaporizer.

In one embodiment the above mentioned pump is placed approximately inthe transport zone of a heat pipe.

In one embodiment the zone of interaction with the sun radiation or thezone of supplying of an external heat energy is, in particular, avaporizer of a heat pipe.

In one embodiment a converter of the energy of a working gas of a heatpipe in the others, not thermal (heat) forms of energy, is placed,completely or partially, inside the heat pipe.

In one embodiment the wick of a heat pipe in its vaporizer, condenserand transport zone, is characterized by different physical properties,among other properties by different dimensions, structures and form ofthe cross-sections of the capillaries, among other properties byexistence or absence of arteries, or also by different dimensions andstructures of arteries, or by form of the cross-sections of arteries,among other properties by different materials of wick, besides amongother properties, even by absence of wick in vaporizer, condenser or intransport zone, or in their separate parts.

In one embodiment the coat of a heat pipe or the wick of a heat pipe orthey both are made from a material, which one is transparent for theradiation, whose energy evaporates the working liquid of the heat pipe.

In one embodiment this material on claim 23 is optically transparent.

In one embodiment the device comprises a radiation guide which one isconnected with the energy converter, among other things, with a heatpipe's vaporizer or with that part of a heat pipe's wick, which part isplaced in the vaporizer.

In one embodiment the part of radiation guide, which one (part) islocated in the vaporizer, and through which one (part) the energytransfer into the heat pipe's working liquid is executed, has a big oran extensively developed surface (interface) of the boundary with theworking liquid.

In one embodiment the area surface of the boundary between the workingliquid of a heat pipe and the material of the input energy supplier,from which one the energy goes in the working liquid, is bigger, amongother possibilities also much more bigger, than the area surface of ageometric figure, which one borders the volume of the vaporizer.

In one embodiment the part of radiation guide, which part is located inthe vaporizer, and through which part the energy transfer into the heatpipe's working liquid is executed, is a wick of the heat pipe or a partof this wick.

In one embodiment the surface area of the boundary between the workingliquid of the heat pipe and the working gas of this heat pipe is bigger,in particular also much more bigger, than the area surface of a convexgeometric figure, which figure covers the space, which space is occupiedby the vaporizer of the heat pipe.

In one embodiment a wick of a heat pipe, in particular a wick of avaporizer of a heat pipe, has a geometric form, which one creates a bigsurface area of the boundary between the working liquid of a heat pipeand the working gas of a heat pipe, among other possibilities a heatpipe's wick, in particular a wick of a heat pipe's vaporizer, is builtin a spiral form, or the separate parts of this wick are built in aspiral form.

In one embodiment a vaporizer of a heat pipe is placed in a section of atube or in a section of a gas pipe-line (air-duct) or of a liquidpipe-line, and this section is built with a possibility to be connectedwith the other gas pipe-lines (air ducts) or liquid pipe-lines, whereinthe heat pipe is placed relative to the a.m. section such way, that anouter liquid stream or a gas stream can flow relative to the heat pipe'svaporizer in the space between the vaporizer and internal surface of thea.m. section; and the heat pipe's condenser is placed such way, that it(condenser) is in a thermal (heat) contact outside the a.m. section witha cooling liquid or with an other cooling media.

In one embodiment the heat pipe, which one contains a generator, isplaced completely outside of the section of a tube (of a gas pipe-lineliquid pipe-line) according to claim 31, and instead the vaporizer ofthis heat pipe, an end of a heat exchanger is placed in this a.m.section, wherein the other end of this heat exchanger is connected to avaporizer of this generator-containing heat pipe.

In one embodiment the energy of a working gas of a heat pipe isconverted in the electrical energy.

In one embodiment the device comprises a generator of electrical energy.

In one embodiment the energy of the movement of the heat pipe's workinggas is converted in the energy of mechanical swings (oscillations,vibrations), among others in the energy of acoustic oscillations(vibrations).

In one embodiment the converter of energy of working gas of a heat pipein an other, not heat form of energy, comprises a generator ofmechanical swings (oscillations, vibrations), among others, acousticoscillations (vibrations), among others, also ultrasonic- and soundoscillations (vibrations).

In one embodiment the generator of acoustic swings (oscillations,vibrations) is a Hartmann-generator or one of its modifications.

In one embodiment the generator of acoustic swings (oscillations,vibrations) is a whistle.

In one embodiment the generator of mechanical swings (oscillations,vibrations), among others, the generator of acoustic swings(oscillations, vibrations) comprises a membrane, a string, or any othersolid body, which one performs the mechanical swings (oscillations,vibrations) or circular movements (gyrations), generated by the energyof a flow of a working gas, among others by the forces, which werearisen due to the Bernoulli-Principle.

In one embodiment the energy of mechanical swings (oscillations,vibrations), or the energy of acoustic swings (oscillations, vibrations)is converted in the electric energy.

In one embodiment the device comprises a converter of the energy ofmechanical swings (oscillations, vibrations), among others a converterof acoustic swings (oscillations, vibrations) into the electricalenergy.

In one embodiment the device comprises a piezoelectric ormagnetostrictiv converter, or the device comprises a generator, whichone converts the energy of mechanical swings (oscillations, vibrations)into the electric energy.

In one embodiment the producing of electrical energy is executed by thecommon action on a converter a) by an energy of mechanical, amongothers, of acoustic swings (oscillations, vibrations) and b) by a sun-or an other high frequent electromagnetic radiation.

In one embodiment the flow of sun radiation is divided on two parts,where the first part is directed to a vaporizer of a heat pipe, and theother one is directed to a photoconductive crystal of the energyconverter.

In one embodiment these parts of flow of sun radiation according toclaim 44 differ from one another by their frequency, wherein only anarrow part of a frequency band of an electromagnetic sun radiation,which one influences on the conductivity of the photoconductive crystal,is directed to the crystal of the energy converter, and the rest part ofthe frequency band of the radiation is directed to the vaporizer of theheat pipe.

In one embodiment this device comprises a photoconductive(fotoleitenden) crystal, among others a piezosemiconductor.

In one embodiment the device comprises a CdS-piezosemiconductor.

In one embodiment the device comprises a generator for the excitation ofthe mechanical swings (oscillations, vibrations) in the above-mentionedcrystal, as well this device comprises a transparent window or an otheroptical system for the supplying of a sun light or of an electromagneticradiation from an other source to the a.m. crystal.

In one embodiment the photoconductive crystal is placed in a region ofthe output swings of a generator of mechanic swings, or in a region of asound field of an acoustic generator, wherein a surface of the a.m.crystal is placed under a transparent window in a coat of a heat pipe,in a region of an optical radiation incidence.

In one embodiment the source of mechanic swings of the photoconductivecrystal is a flow of a heat pipe working gas from vaporizer in acondenser.

In one embodiment a converter of energy of mechanic swings in anelectric energy on one of the claims 41 to 42, in particular anacoustic-electric converter on one of the claims 41 to 42, orphotoacoustic-electric converter on one of the claims 46 to 50 is placedoutside a heat pipe, and it (converter) is connected with the source ofmechanic or acoustic swings by means of a conductor (guide) of mechanicswings, or vibrations guide (vibrations conductor), or sound guide(conductor of sound).

In one embodiment an energy of motion of a heat pipe working gas isconverted in an electric energy by means of a mechanic-electricconverter.

In one embodiment a generator of electric energy is a mechanic-electricconverter, which one is placed in a flow of a working gas of a heat pipefrom vaporizer in a condenser.

In one embodiment an energy supply to an energy converter is executed(directly or through a connected with this converter radiation guide) bymeans of sun radiation concentrating devices, in particular by means ofa Fresnel-lens, or a Fresnel-mirror, or by means of both these methodstogether.

In one embodiment an energy of motion of a working gas of a heat pipe isconverted in an electric energy by means of a MHD-generator.

In one embodiment the charged particles of a liquid or of a powder aresupplied in a gas flow, and a space transport of the charges in a magnetfield takes place together with the particles of liquid o powder, whichparticles themselves carry these charges.

In one embodiment the a.m. particles are charged by a friction orcollisions with each other (i.e. particles with particles), or with someother body.

In one embodiment the a.m. particles are charged by electrostaticinduction.

In one embodiment a generator of electric energy is amagnetohydrodynamic generator (MHD-generator).

In one embodiment example a magnetohydrodynamic generator contains aworking body, a channel for flow of the working body, a source of amagnet field, and a system for a conductive or inductive removal of theoutput electric energy by a load current circuit, wherein this workingbody is the particles of liquid or powder, wherein these particles ofliquid or powder are electrically charged.

In one embodiment a device contains a sprayer of liquid.

In one embodiment a work of external forces is converted in an electricenergy, wherein the charges are separated by means of these externalforces between two or many working bodies through friction orcollisions, or through electrostatic induction, and after that thecharged this way with the opposite signs working bodies are moved awayone from another, wherein at least one of these working bodies is asprayed liquid or a powder, wherein the steps on claim 62 are executedby means of the energy of the gas flow.

In one embodiment an energy of movement of a working gas of a heat pipeis converted in an electric energy by means of an electrostaticgenerator.

In one embodiment an electrostatic generator comprises a working bodyfor mechanic transport of electric charges in a space, means forapplication of charges on this working body, and means for removal ofcharges from this working body to one external electrode, wherein theworking body is liquid particles or powder particles.

In one embodiment an electrostatic generator contains at least onesprayer, wherein a nozzle of this sprayer is placed in a gas flow.

In one embodiment a movement of charges in a space takes place in thecrossed electric and magnet fields.

In one embodiment the method is executed in a micro-system, besides, thebuilding elements of an energy converter are produced in particular bythe LIGA-method.

In one embodiment many microscopic energy converters on claim 69 areassembled in a system, and an output energy of these system, whichsystem comprises these micro-converters, is led out to outside.

In one embodiment one or many micro-cracks are used as a generator ofmechanic swings or as a sound generator, wherein a fluid flow flows overthe these cracks to cause these swings or sound.

In one embodiment the mechanic swings are produced by a mechanic system,which one is in a state of mechanic resonance.

In one embodiment a generator of mechanic swings comprises a mechanicsystem, which on is in a state of mechanic resonance.

Under the short term “sun radiation” in the Claims are any kinds ofnatural, but also artificially obtained radiation meant, in particularlight radiation, infrared radiation, electromagnetic radiation.

Correspondently, under the term “sun radiation collector” is a collectorfor any kinds of the a.m. radiation meant; and under the term “sunradiation guide” is any kind of a radiation guide meant.

In one embodiment one have a process for converting of heat energy in anelectric energy, comprising the steps of:

-   -   supplying heat energy to a vaporizer of a heat pipe comprising        vaporiser, condenser and transport zone;    -   converting of the supplied heat energy in an energy of a working        gas of the heat pipe through an absorption of the supplied heat        energy by a working liquid of the heat pipe,    -   avaporation of the working liquid of the heat pipe in a        vaporizer, and condensing in a condenser;    -   directing a heat pipe gas flow from the vaporizer to the        condenser;    -   converting of mechanical energy of movement of the working gas        of the heat pipe in electric energy through an electrostatic        principle of generation of electrical energy;        wherein the improvement comprises:    -   pumping the heat pipe working liquid from the condenser in the        vaporiser through a pump, installed in a heat pipe working        liquid recovery loop in the heat pipe transport zone, wherein        the step of directing of the heat pipe gas flow from the        vaporizer to the condenser takes place through one or several        constrictions to create an essential pressure differential        between the vaporizer and condenser.

In one embodiment one have a device for conversion of heat energy intoelectric energy, comprising:

-   -   a heat pipe, comprising        -   a vaporizer to evaporate a heat pipe working liquid,        -   a condenser to condence a heat pipe working gas,        -   a transport zone to direct the heat pipe working gas from            the vaporiser into the condenser, and the heat pipe working            liquid back into the vaporizer;    -   electrostatic generator, located completely or partially in a        flow of the heat pipe working gas to convert a mechanic energy        of the heat pipe gas flow into electric energy,        wherein the improvement comprises a combination of the following        elements:    -   a narrow constriction between the heat pipe vaporiser and the        heat pipe condenser chambers to guide the heat pipe working gas        from the vaporiser to the condenser under high pressure;    -   a pump, located in the heat pipe transport zone to pump a heat        pipe liquid from the condenser back into the vaporiser to        provide increasing of efficiency of the heat energy conversion        device.

What is claimed is:
 1. Method for conversion of energy, by which a sunenergy, or heat energy, or radiation energy is converted in an otherform of energy, where the energy in its heat form or in the form ofradiation is supplied to a vaporizer of a heat pipe, and this energy isconverted in the energy of a working gas of the heat pipe through (as aconsequence of) the absorption of this energy by the working liquid ofthe heat pipe; the energy in its heat form is extracted (conducted away)from the condenser of the heat pipe, and the energy of movement of thegas of the heat pipe is converted in others, not heat forms of energy,in particular into electric energy, where the extraction (outflow) ofheat energy from the condenser of the heat pipe can take place by meansof a heat-extracting liquid, which one is placed outside the heat pipecondenser part, or by means of irradiation of energy by the condenser,or by both these ways simultaneously, or by means of any kind of a heatexchanger, or any other way, and where one, several or all of theabove-mentioned not-heat forms of energy (among others the electricalenergy) are transferred away to outside from the heat pipe for thefurther using, wherein additionally two more circumstances take placetogether: a) additionally to the capillary or gravitational forces,usually acting in the heat pipe transport zone to recover the heat pipeliquid, an energy (which one is named as the “Pump-energy” in thefurther description), in its mechanical or electrical or any othernot-heat form, is supplied to the working liquid of the heat pipe, amongother possibilities, from outside in respect to the heat pipe, (i.e.from the outside in respect to the heat pipe located energy source), orfrom the energy of a gas flow of the heat pipe, and this saidPump-energy is converted in the mechanical energy of the mechanicalmovement of this working liquid, wherewith (which way) this workingliquid is pumped by this energy from the condenser into the vaporizer;and b) also one directs the gas flow from the vaporizer to the condenserthrough one or several constrictions, where the cross-section area ofthis constriction or these constrictions in the plane, which one isperpendicular to the direction of the gas flow, is essentially mach lessthan an average cross-section area of the vaporizer or condenser, whichway an essential pressure differential between the vaporizer andcondenser is created.
 2. Method on claim 1, wherein inside a heat pipe achain energy conversion takes place, where a mechanical energy of aworking gas of a heat pipe is converted in the others, not heat (notthermal) kinds of energy, firstly in a mechanical energy of some energycarrier, and after that in an electrical energy by means of any kind ofa mechanic—into electric—energy conversion (among other possibilities bymeans of piezoelectric (among others acoustoelectric), magnetostrictic,electrostatic, MHD-, or Faraday-principles of generation of electricalenergy, or by generation by means of photoconductive (fotoleitenden)crystal (among others a piezosemiconductor, among others aCdS-semiconductor), or by generation through a space moving of chargesin a magnetic field, or in the crossed electric and magnetic fields, orin any other fields).
 3. Method on claim 1, wherein the supply(delivery) of the Pump energy is executed to the transport zone of theheat pipe.
 4. Method on claim 1, wherein the Pump energy on claim 1 issupplied (delivered) to the capillary structure of a heat pipe as (inthe form of) an electric energy, or a capillary structure of a heat pipeis placed in an electrical field, wherewith (which way) a transportingof the heat pipe working liquid from the heat pipe condenser to the heatpipe vaporizer is executed by means of an interaction of an electricfield with a working liquid in the capillary structure (i.e. through theso-called “electro-capillary phenomenon”).
 5. Method on claim 1, whereinthe extraction (outflow) of heat energy from a condenser of a heat pipetakes place by a transforming of a heat-extracting liquid in a gas-formstate (evaporation), in particular this, placed outside the condenserheat-extracting liquid is vaporized (boiled) by the heat energy of thecondenser.
 6. Method on claim 5, wherein the heat-extracting liquid is aworking liquid of some another heat pipe, which one is connected withthe condenser of the heat pipe on claim
 5. 7. Method on claim 1, whereinthe extraction (outflow) of heat energy from the condenser of the heatpipe on claim 1 is executed by a cascade of other heat pipes.
 8. Methodon claim 1, wherein the heat energy from the condenser of a heat pipe isextracted (outflowed) by a heat-extracting liquid, for example water,which layer is in touch with an outer wall of the condenser, and whichlayer moves relative to this wall, among other possibilities because ofa convection.
 9. Method on claim 1, wherein a working liquid of a heatpipe evaporates, through or without boiling, in a vaporizer, andcondenses in a condenser on the different by there physical propertiescapillary structures, which are differ from each other, among otherproperties, by diameters of the capillaries, by form of the capillaries,and by surface properties of the capillary materials, and besides, therecovery of working liquid through the transport zone is carried out bymeans of the capillary forces or gravitational forces or centrifugalforces, or also by other forces or combination of forces, where thephysical properties of wick in the heat pipe transport zone differs,among others, from the physical properties of wick in the vaporizer zoneor in the condenser zone, or also a wick is completely absent in thetransport zone.
 10. Method on claim 1, whereby a sun energy or radiationenergy from an other source, or heat energy, is supplied to a workingbody (working fluid) of a heat pipe, wherein instead of the energysupplying to the working body through its external perimeter, i.e. fromthe external surface of the space (volume), wherein this body islocated, the energy will be supplied to all this working bodysimultaneously, i.e. simultaneously to its big surface, and for this aimthe end part of the energy supplying means (through which means theenergy is supplied to the working body) is placed inside the space,which one is occupied by the working body, wherein a large extensivelydeveloped surface (interface) between the a.m. working body and end partof the energy supplying means is formed inside the occupied by theworking body space.
 11. Method on claim 1, wherein the surface area ofthe boundary between the working materials and of the energy converter,or between the working material of the energy converter and the materialof the energy supplying means, from which means the energy come into thesystem, is a bigger area, among others also march more bigger area, thanthe surface area of the geometrical figure, which one contains the spacewith a device, wherein the energy transfer process takes place. 12.Method for conversion of energy of a gas flow, in particular of a wind(of a wind flow), or of a gas flow of a working gas of a heat pipe, orof a gas flow of a working gas of an other heat machine, or of an anykind of an other gas flow from any kind of an other source, into anelectrical energy, wherein a mechanical energy of the gas flow (inparticular a kinetic energy of a mechanical movement of the gas flow, ora potential energy of the working gas, or both) is converted in anenergy of mechanic swings (in particular vibrations, oscillations,sound, ultrasound) of some mechanic system (or some mechanic workingbody), wherein the parts of the a.m. mechanical system are moving, amongother possibilities, according to the Bernoulli-principle, wherein,among other possibilities this system swings in resonance-modus, andwherein in particular this system is executed as a module or as manymodules, which are connected together electrically or mechanically orboth, and after that the energy of the mechanic swings of this system isconverted in an electric energy, wherein this conversion is executed bymeans of any kind of mechanic—into electric energy conversion (amongother possibilities by means of a piezoelectric (in particularacoustoelectric), magnetostrictic, electrostatic, MHD-,Faraday-principles of generation of electric energy, or by means ofgeneration by a photoconductive (fotoleitenden) crystal (among others bya piezosemiconductor, in particular by a CdS-piezosemiconductor), or bymeans of generation through a space moving of charges in a magneticfield, or in electric and magnetic fields, or in any other fields). 13.Method on claim 12, wherein an electric energy or an electric signal isproduced by acting of mechanical swings on a crystal, i.e it is producedpiezoelectrically, or magnetostrictically, or by means of aphotoconductive crystal (in particular piezosemiconductor).
 14. Methodon claim 13, wherein the energy of the gas flow is converted in theenergy of acoustic swings (in particular in a sound, ultrasound,hypersound) by means of any kind of generator of acoustic swings (inparticular by Hartmann-Generator or one of its modifications, by whistleor by siren).
 15. Method on claim 13, wherein the energy of the gas flowis converted in an energy of mechanic swings of one or several strings,wherein the said mechanical swings of strings generate the cyclicchanges of deformating stresses in a mechanic—into electric converter(in particular in a piezoelectric converter), in particular thereciprocating deformating stresses are generated, by which the cycliccompressions or tensions (stretches) arise, or the twisting (torsion)deformating stresses are generated, by which the cyclic torsion stressesarise by twisting in turn in the opposite directions (in a clockwisedirection and in an anti-clockwise direction), or the shearingdeformating stresses are generated to make the crystal work in shear,wherein, among other possibilities, a cross-section of each string canbe not-symmetrical, in particular it can have a form of a cross-sectionof an airplane wing, or some bodies can be fixed on the strings, where across-section of the each said body can be not-symmetrical, inparticular it can have a form of a cross-section of an airplane wing.16. Method on claim 13, wherein the energy of the gas flow is convertedin the energy of mechanic swings of one or several rigid or elastic(resilient) mechanic elements (in particular curved resilient plates),wherein an end of each said element (of each said plate) is fixedbetween two piezoelectric plates, and the said fixed end is placed inthe gas flow either ahead of the said element in respect to the flowdirection, or behind of the said element in respect to the flowdirection, or both.
 17. Method on claim 13, wherein the energy of thegas flow is converted directly in an energy of compressional waves,which waves are moving along some surface, wherein the energy of thesecompressional waves is further converted directly in an electric energy(in particular on the piezoelectric or magnetostrictic principles),wherein the said compressional waves arise through the gas turbulences,and these compressional waves are moving along a crystal plate, inparticular along a piezoelectric crystal plate, which way the electricenergy is generated, and this electric energy is further supplied fromthe electric-conducting surface of the said crystal, in particular ofthe said piezoelectric crystal, to an external output of electricenergy.
 18. Device for conversion of energy, which device comprises: asun radiation collector (i.e. a system for collecting and concentratingof sun radiation, among other possibilities by means of lenses or bymeans of any kind of systems of lenses, also by Fresnel lenses, or bymirrors or by any kind of systems of mirrors, also by Fresnel mirrors,or by any kind of optical systems, which one collects a falling down ona some area sun radiation, and concentrates after that this radiation inone point or in one small area range); a radiation guide (sun radiationguide, light guide, wave guide), comprising an essentially long tubewith the radiation-(light-)-reflecting internal walls to transfer thesun radiation or an other kind of radiation or electromagnetic wavesover a distance, an intermediary connecting device to connect the a.m.sun radiation collector and the a.m. sun radiation guide, i.e. means tocollect and to transfer the sun radiation from the said sun radiationcollector to the said sun radiation guide; a heat pipe, which one isexecuted with the possibility to be placed in the water, and which oneis placed in the water, in particular in an ocean, sea, lake, river orany other kind of a natural or artificial water reservoir or waterstream, in particular in a deep-cold water (cold deep-water) inessential depth, or in a groundwater under the ground-surface in a slimborehole, where the said heat pipe comprises the following elements: anintermediary connecting device to connect the a.m. sun radiation guideand a vaporizer of a heat pipe, i.e. means to transfer a sun radiationfrom the said sun radiation guide into the said vaporizer of a heatpipe, a vaporizer of a heat pipe, which vaporizer is thermicallyinsulated from a water, which one surrounds this vaporizer from outside,(among other possibilities the said vaporizer can be thermicallyinsulated by a heat pipe transport zone or by a capillary structure ofthe transport zone, which one can surround the vaporizer); where thesaid vaporizer contains: means for multiple reflection of the guidedinside its volume sun radiation, in particular the internal surface ofthe vaporizer can be partially executed in the form of reflectingmirror; and an essentially developed vaporization surface or capillaryevaporation surface or both, where the area of the said vaporizationsurface (or capillary evaporation surface or both) is essentially morelarge then an area of the vaporizer perimeter surface; a condenser,thermically not insulated from the surrounding from outside water, wherethe said condenser contains inside it an essentially developedcondensation surface, where the area of this condensation surface isessentially more large then an area of the condenser perimeter surface;means to form a constriction of a heat pipe gas flow in the region amongthe vaporizer and condenser; energy converter of the mechanical energyof the heat pipe gas flow into the electrical energy, which convertercan use any known mechanic-to-electric generator, (as, for example,among others: Faraday generator, electrostatic generator, piezoelectricgenerator, magnetostrictical generator, magnetohydrodynamic generator,any of acoustic generators (whistle, Hartmann-generator, siren, etc.) incombination with piezoelectric or magnetostrictic generator,Photo-acoustic-electric generator, generator on the basis ofphotoconductive (fotoleitenden) crystals, generator on the basis ofCdS-piezosemiconductor etc.), wherein, if the piezoelectric ormagnetostrictic generator is used, the mechanic energy of the heat pipegas flow is converted into the energy of mechanic deformations (i.e.compression or tension or twisting or mechanic vibrations, among othersresonance vibrations) of any mechanical elements, for example, of astring (or plurality of strings), of a membrane (membranes), or of anyother mechanic elements, which mechanic elements are mechanicallyconnected with the said piezoelectric crystal (crystals) or with thesaid magnetostrictic crystal (crystals), which crystal (crystals)convert the said energy of the mechanic deformations into the electricalenergy; a heat pipe transport zone to transport usual way (i.e. f.e. bythe capillary or gravitational or both forces) the condensed in thecondenser heat pipe working liquid back into the vaporizer; inparticular, but not obligatory, the transport zone can be placed betweenthe vaporizer and coat of the heat pipe, therewith the transport zonesurrounds the vaporizer from all sites except the site, where theworking gas of the heat pipe flows from the vaporizer to the condenser;a pump for creation of an additional pressure to transport the heat pipeworking liquid from the condenser back to the vaporizer, which pump issupplied by energy (which pump is driven) either from an external (inrespect to the heat pipe) source of energy or from the mechanical energyof the heat pipe gas flow, or from the energy, generated from the saidmechanical energy of the heat pipe gas flow, where the said pump can beplaced (but must not be obligatory placed) in the said transport zone ofthe heat pipe.
 19. Device on claim 18, wherein: instead of (oradditionally to) the capillary structure, the vaporizer comprises aninsert in the vaporizer chamber, which insert has an essentially largesurface area, and which insert also absorbs good a sun radiation (forexample a metal insert with black surface), wherein this insert isheating-able by a sun radiation, which sun radiation is delivered insidethe vaporizer by a radiation guide; instead of (or additionally to) thepump, the boundary between the vaporizer and transport zone comprises aninjector or a valve for injection of the heat pipe working liquid fromthe transport zone into the vaporizer; device comprises means forsynchronizing in antiphase (in the opposite phases) of the injection ofthe working liquid into the vaporizer and conduction of the working gasstream pulse out from the vaporizer.
 20. Device on claim 18, whereininstead of (or additionally to) the sun radiation guide the devicecomprises an additional heat exchanger for a supplying from outside of aheat (thermal) energy in a not-radiation form.
 21. Device for conversionof energy on claim 18, where additionally to the heat pipe on claim 18,or instead of the heat pipe on claim 18, one use any other kind of aheat machine (or any kind of device for conversion of the heat (thermal)energy into the mechanical energy or into others not heat kinds ofenergy) in connection with the said radiation guide on claim 18.